Unit 1

• It has a bent shape, partially positive and negative charges (polar), and is bonded by covalent bonds


  structure of water molecule
• Water's cohesive property


  What allows water to form various structures due to its ability to bond with other water molecules?
• Cohesion is the attraction of water molecules to each other.


  Define cohesion in the context of water
• Adhesion is the attraction of water molecules to other charged molecules.


  What is adhesion, and how does it relate to water?
• 1. water's adhesive property gives water a high solvency

  2. water's cohesive property allows unique h-bond interaction to occur when water is in solid state

  3. Capillary action

  4. Cohesive forces are responsible for surface tension

  5. Water's cohesive property requires it to absorb a lot of thermal energy


  What are the properties of water emergent from cohesion and adhesion?
• Water's adhesive property gives it a high solvency by allowing it to interact with polar molecules and ions.


  How does water's adhesive property contribute to its solvency?
• structure of water in its solid matter affect its density. Density is equal to mass/volume, and ice has greater volume, thus less density than water (inverse relationship)


  Explain water's cohesive property allows for unique h-bond interaction to occur when water is in a solid state
• because of capillary action, water goes upward through a stem. Formed by cohesive and adhesive properties, water bonds to a surface (adhesive) and water molecules bond together (cohesive).


  Explain capillary action
• A hydration shell is the result of the interaction of water with polar molecules and ions, forming a shell of water molecules around them.


  What's a hydration shell, and how is it formed?
• Surface tension arises from cohesive forces in water, resulting in the tendency of the liquid's surface to resist rupture when placed under tension or stress.


  How does surface tension arise in water, and what does it result in?
• common basic structure, with a central C atom bound to:

  - amine group (NH2)\

  - carboxylic acid group (COOH)

  - hydrogen atom (H)

  - variable side chain (R group)


  Describe the components of a protein template
• peptide bonds


  What type of bond joins amino acids together to form proteins?
• R groups are categorized according to their polarity (hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic) and charge (ionic or charged).


  What are the categories used to classify R groups of amino acids?
• The primary protein structure is governed by covalent bonds, specifically peptide bonds, between the series of amino acids.


  What governs the primary protein structure?
• Hydrogen bonds are primarily responsible for maintaining the secondary protein structure. They are formed between the adjacent carbonyl O and amino H. Can be alpha-helix (more intervals) or beta-pleated sheet depending on the number of amino acids in between them.


  What type of bonds are primarily responsible for maintaining the secondary protein structure?
• The tertiary protein structure primarily arises due to interactions between the R groups of amino acids that make up the protein.


  How does the tertiary protein structure primarily arise?
• The quaternary protein structure is characterized by proteins made up of multiple polypeptide chains or subunits coming together. Note that not all proteins have a quaternary structure


  What characterizes the quaternary protein structure?
• Peptide bonds link amino acids to each other to form proteins.


  What type of bonds link amino acids to each other to form proteins?
• - structural support

  - biochemical catalyst

  - hormones

  - enzymes

  - building blocks

  - initiators of cellular death


  What are the functions of proteins?
• Alpha glucose (hydroxyl grp down) and beta glucose (hydroxyl grp up)


  Explain the orientation of the hydroxyl group in the two types of glucose
• Glycosidic bonds


  Which bond are created by forming two monosaccharides
• Sucrose: glucose - fructose

  Maltose: glucose - glucose

  Lactose: glucose - galactose


  Give examples of disaccharides and their monosaccharides
• Starch - storage polysaccharides of plants

  Glycogen - storage polysaccharides of animals


  What are the two types of storage polysaccharides
• Amylose - unbranched

  Amylopectin - branched


  What are the two types of starch
• It's because we are so mobile, and we have a lot of activities so these branches could break off & be converted into glucose (serves as energy in times of starvation)


  Why do animals have the most branched storage polysaccharides (glycogen)
• Chitin - in fungal cell walls & insect's exoskeleton (derivative of glucose: somewhere between protein & carbs)

  
  

  Cellulose - in plant cell walls (important component in cell wall)


  What are the two types of structural polysaccharides
• monomers, linear chains of monomers, and branched structures


  Carbohydrates can only comprise of (structures)...
• Long term storage of energy, structural, provides insulation, hormones


  What are the functions of lipids
• 3 Fatty acids & glycerol backbone

  
  

  their chemical structure is mostly comprised of C & H (with little O)


  What are the major components of fats?
• Saturated fatty acid - have single bonds between carbons (solid at room temperature)

  
  

  Unsaturated fatty acid - hydrocarbon chain contains a double bond, less hydrogen atoms than saturated, (generally liquid at room temp)


  What are the two types of fatty acids and explain them
• Cis-unsaturated- hydrogen are presented in the same plane, doesn't stack because of its bent structure (more bent = more space = more liquid H) it's generally healthy

  
  

  Trans-unsaturated - hydrogen are presented on 2 different planes, can stack (causing atherosclerosis), when stack there's less space (solid at room temp)


  What are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids and explain
• saturated > trans-unsaturated > cis-unsaturated

  
  

  (More double bonds = lower melting point & more single bonds = higher melting point)


  From highest to lowest, rank the melting point of fats
• Long fatty acid chains that are esterified (functional group ester is added) to long-chain alcohols (ester bonds are present).


  What are waxes made up of?
• to much transpiration (eliminating excess water) can take place; dehydrating the plant


  What happens when there's no waxes?
• They are amphipathic molecules that are major constituents of the plasma membrane


  What are phospholipids?
• Hydrophilic head: phosphate and glycerol

  Hydrophobic tail: saturated fatty acid (straight), unsaturated fatty acid (w/ kink bending orientation)


  What are phospholipids made up of and explain
• Steroids (precursors of hormones) which are hydrophobic in nature (non-polar)


  What has a fused ring structure (not much fatty acids)?
• cholesterol which is synthesized in the liver


  What is the precursor to many steroid hormones such as testosterone & estradiol
• Helps the body transport bad cholesterol from blood & into the liver (HDL; less lipids)


  What is good cholesterol?
• Increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (LDL; builds up plaque on the walls of arteries)


  What is bad cholesterol