Unit 2
Cards (43)
- - more complex & bigger
- It was believed that organisms like mitochondria & chloroplasts used to be exclusive single or independent ancient bacteria that are capable of photosynthesizing & producing their own energy. Because cells are able to engulf other cells, another ancient type of cell engulfed these cells, making the eukaryotic cell & continued to evolved to the one today.
- - cells of all organisms
- - centriole
- It controls and regulates the activities of the cell (ex. growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information (chromosomes). It has a membrane around it, wherein RNA is made from DNA in the chromosomes.
- The nucleolus is a spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes. The nucleolus is also where ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed. It is a condensed region of chromatin.
- It's a type of protoplasm that is composed of thick fluid and constitutes chromatin fibers made up of DNA (usually found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells). It serves as a suspending substance for DNA and RNA
- It is a large, dynamic structure that serves many roles in the cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. The diverse functions of the ER are performed by distinct domains; consisting of tubules, sheets and the nuclear envelope.
- It's a highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm and provides the structural framework of the nucleus.
- The difference between the two is that SER doesn't have ribosomes while RER does on its membrane
- A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work to modify, package and transport lipids and proteins. It includes the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi Apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, plasma membrane, and vacuoles
- It's an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein. It produces proteins from amino acids during protein synthesis or translation.
- It functions as a factory in which proteins and lipids from the ER are transported, sorted, and modified.
- - shipping side of vesicles filled with proteins from Golgi apparatus
- In animals, vacuoles are generally small and help dispose waste products.
- In plants, the vacuole is crucial for growth and development and has a variety of functions, including storage and transport, intracellular environmental stability, and response to injury. Depending on the cell type and growth conditions, the size of vacuoles is highly dynamic.
- A little bigger vesicles and have more ribosomes. All cells contain this. It has food particles engulfed or acquired from the environment (storage).
- Only found in plant cells and comprises 90% of the cells volume. It maintains plant's shape and structure by storing water and other substances
- They are found in protists. They pump out excess water to maintain water balance.
- (Mitochondrion, singular) It generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy is stored in ATP.
- They are only found in eukaryotic cells. They include the nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, vacuoles, mitochondria, lysosomes, and chloroplasts. Their membrane could be single layer or double layer of lipids.
- Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and nucleus
- Vacuoles, lysosomes, ER, and golgi apparatus
- They are cellular organelles that are composed of a lipid bilayer that transports materials from one place to another. They also can function in metabolism and enzyme storage.
- Only found in animals, they produce spindle fibers which acts as poles to split the chromosome during metaphase (cell division).
- - digestion & degradation
- It's a motility organelle that enables movement and chemotaxis.
- It's a gelatinous lipid that fills inside the cell. It provides shape to the cells and fills them up so that organelles remain in their position. Without it, organelles would deflate and substances will permeate (spread) from one to another.
- A membrane-bound organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers. They may also be used to destroy viruses and bacteria.
- They detoxify alcohol and other toxic substances in the cell. It helps the lysosome in the process of cleaning the cell and preventing the cell from being involved by other substances that would make it toxic. It contains catalase (antioxidant enzyme)
- High surface area to volume ratio = high efficiency
- It separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. It consists a lipid bilayer that is semi-permeable (allows CERTAIN materials to pass; selective) which regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
- Phospholipids, cholesterol, integral proteins, peripheral proteins, glycolipids, and glycoproteins
- - main fabric of the membrane
- They are hydrophilic proteins permanently embedded in the phospholipid bilayer that serves as material transport and cell to cell recognition signal transduction
- They are membrane proteins that are temporarily attached on the inner or outer surface of the bilayer that acts as an enzyme for enzymatic activity and plays a role in cell communication.
- They maintain the stability of the cell membrane and facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response.
- They enable cells to recognize another cell as familiar or foreign (cell to cell recognition). They also help cells attach to and bind other cells (cell adhesion).
- - types: primary and secondary active transport & bulk transport
- It doesn't require channel or carrier proteins. It's usually carried out by small nonpolar molecules (CO2, O2, N2)