Fitness

• How many bones in the body

  206
• Joint Stability

  Ability to resist abnormal displacement of the articulating bones

  impacted by joint structure, connective tissue, contact area
• Factors that Limitate ROM

  shape of articulating Joint

  Muscle & Fatty tissue

  Joint laxicity
• Sources of injury

  Hypomobility - increase risk of tear or rupture to muscle

  Hypermobility - leads to joint stability
• Levers

  levers are rigid bars about a fulcrum and pivot points
• First Class Lever


  Fulcrum is in between the force & resistance e.g overhead tricep extensions
• Second Class Lever

  Resistance is inbetween fulcrum & effort e.g standing calf raises
• Third Class Lever

  Applied Force is in between resistance & fulcrum e.g bicep curls
• Modelling & Re-moddeling

  Endochondral - bone grows in length

  Intramembraneous - bone grows in diameter
• Skull

  Adult skull - 22 bone

  Mandible is is a synovial joint
• Vertebral Column

  Cervical

  Thoracic

  Lumbar

  Sacral Vertebrae
• Cervical Spine

  First 7 bones, C1-C7

  C1 allows C2 to rotate on axis

  C2,3,4 keep you alive
• Thoracic Spine

  T1-T12 Attatchment site for ribs, limited extension and rotation
• Lumbar Spine

  L1-L5

  Largest vertebrae, greatest movement through extension, rotation, weight bearing

  Highly Injured
• Sacral Vertebrae


  Fused to adjacent side of pelvic. inbetween Pelvic & Sacrum which is known as sacroiliac Joints
• The Thorax

  12 Ribs

  First 7 - True Ribs - direct attachment to sternum

  Next 5 - false ribs - 1-3 have indirect attachment to sternum

  Last two - false ribs - no attachment
• Scapula

  Flat triangular looking: Posterior of thoax

  Fossa called glenoid cavity articulates with humerus to provide glenhumeral joint
• Humerus


  Head fits into glenoid cavity of scapula, has Olecranon fossa & Distal fossa meet
• Bones of arm

  Ulna is on the medial side, radius is on lateral

  Radius allows for pronation & Supination

  Olecannon ulna articulates with olecranon humerus
• Bones in hand

  8 Carpal, Metacarpal - main hand, phalanages
• Pelvic Girdle

  Two bones formed by Ilium, ischium & pelvic bone. joint anteriorly by pubic symphysis and posteriorly by sacrum
• Upper Leg

  The condyles is part of knee joint & head of femur articulates with acetabulum
• Tibia (Shin)

  Medial Side - withstands majority of weight

  Articulates with femur superiorly & talus inferiorly
• Fibula

  Inferior side of tibia is lateral malleolus - part of ankle you can see

  Lateral Malleolus joins talus bone to create hinge at anke
• Foot

  Tarsal, Metatarsal , Phalanges
• Tarsal Bones

  Talus, calcaneous, inavicular, cuboid, lateral/medial cuneiform

  tibia passes weight through talus
• Nervous System

  Central & Peripheral
• Motor neurons

  Electrical impulse - Motor Cortex - down spinal cord - motor neurons - muscle contraction
• Main Parts of neuron

  Dendrites - Detect motor impulse

  Soma - Directs Neuron Activity

  Axon - Transmits impulse away from cell body
• Peripheral Nervous System

  Divided into somatic and automatic
• Autonomic Nervous System

  Regulates glands and organs without conscious control

  Sympathetic - fight or flight

  Parasympathetic - resting levels
• Components of peripheral system

  Has (Affent) provides info from neuron to CNS

  Has (Effent) Provides info from CNS to body part