Gender

• Functionalism -> Parsons

  • Nuclear Family -> women = expressive role
  • children learn gender roles through socialisation
  • men = instrumental
  • women more likely to be in part time due to childcare
  • maintains social order
• Marxism -> Ansley

  • women = 'takers of shit'
  • wc husbands exploited at work -> conflict brought back home
  • bourgeoisie + proletariat conflict
• Marxism -> Engels

  • women = part of Reserve Army of Labour
  • unpaid for domestic labour
  • No secure job -> dropped in times of recession hired in times of boom
• Marxism -> Marx

  • women exploited by capitalism
  • unpaid labour - emotional + domestic (Oakley)
  • unequal wealth distribution
• Weberian -> Barron & Norris

  • Dual Labour Market
  • women make up part of secondary labour market
  • horizontal segregation (diff between male & female employees)
  • vertical segregation (men dominate higher ranking jobs )
  • women experience less status -> glass ceiling
• New Right -> Shlafly

  • flight from home = flight from responsibility
  • change in nuclear family led to societal issues
  • women has duty towards her kids
  • women dominate domestic labour
  • men dominate workplace
• Intersectionality -> Walby

  • social identities overlap (Class, Gender, Ethnicity)
  • 'triple oppression' = black, w/c women
  • 6 patriarchal structures; income, household, state, media, sexuality, violence
• Black Feminism -> Brewer

  • intersectionality
  • wc,black,women suffer most oppression
  • high profile feminist campaigns don't reflect ethnic minority women's needs
• Black Feminism -> Connell

  • colonialism created racial patriarchal structures
  • racism + exploitation of ethnic minorities (women)
• Radical Feminism -> Millet

  • men dominate workplace due to biological make up
  • extremist view
  • women have false class consciousness; aspirations imposed by patriarchal structures; children/family/husband?
• Marxist Feminism -> Feeley

  • women socialised to be passive & obedient
  • oppressed by capitalism
  • women reproduce workforce -> benefits capitalism -> more workers
• Marxist Feminism -> Benston

  • women unpaid for domestic labour
  • childcare + cleaning
  • double oppression -> capitalism + nuclear family
  • wealth redistribution could lead to equality for women
• Liberal Feminism -> Oakley

  • gender socialisation enforces patriarchal interests
  • dual burden -> women expected to do both paid work + domestic labour
  • triple shift -> emotional, domestic + paid labour
  • education socialises people into gender stereotypes
  • change should take place within these structures (school)
• Preference Theory -> Hakim

  • women make their own choices based on their preferred lifestyle
  • smaller amounts of women prioritise work over family -> keeps men in dominant positions
  • 20% women work orientated
  • 20% family orientated
  • 60% mixed