Ethnicity

• Marxism -> Cox

  • racism = social construct of ruling class
  • used to justify exploitation of workers
• Marxism -> Castles & Kosack

  • immigration serves capitalism
  • exploitation of Bame determines their fate in society
  • Reserve Army of Labour
• Marxism -> Engels

  • Reserve Army of Labour
  • flexible work (BAD) fired in times of recession - hired in times of Boom
  • poor pay + conditions
• Weberian -> Parkin

  • power and status is controlled by the dominant race/ ethnicity (white)
  • BAME individuals struggle to overcome exploitation
• Weberian -> Rex & Tomlinson

  • BAME underclass marginalised from society
  • increases likelihood of riots (George Floyd)
  • BAME exploited -> equality
• Weberian -> Barron & Norris

  • dual labour market
  • BAME in secondary labour market
  • poor pay, low job security, poor conditions
• New Right -> Murray

  • black underclass = overly dependant on welfare + benefits
  • loose traditional values - hard working
  • increase in illegitimacy, crime + unwillingness to work
  • leads to inequality
• New Right -> Sewell

  • High no. African-Caribbean boys from single mother homes
  • lack father figure -> poor impulse control + increased vulnerability
  • likely to express masculinity through violence/ gangs/ aggression
• Functionalism -> Patterson

  • Host-Immigrant Model
  • immigrants moved in 1950's to host country
  • Host + immigrants clash due to increased hostility

  1. fear of cultural difference
  2. hostility towards immigrants for use of resources + jobs
  3. failure to assimilate

  • creates conflict
• Feminism -> Mirza


  • black women seen as dutiful wife/daughter
  • 'sexually available' for men
  • undermines strong black women
• Feminism -> Connell


  • argues the need for challenging mainstream feminism
  • dominant feminist views overlook black women's struggle
  • colonialism imposed racial hierarchies + norms -> brought through to today
• Feminism -> Brewer


  • intersectionality
  • inequality due to Class, Gender, Ethnicity
  • 'triple system' -> complex issues interlink to create inequality
• Feminism -> Abbott


  • argue feminist views centred around white middle class women
  • ETHNOCENTRIC
  • argues mainstream feminism encourages theoretical racism (ignores wider aspects of marginalised groups)