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Biology Paper 1
Biology Topic 1- Cell Biology
Biology- Cell Structure
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Types of cells
Eukaryotic
(
plant
and
animal
)
Prokaryotic
(
bacteria
)
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Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic
cells are much
smaller
than eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic
cells contain
membrane bound-organelles
and a
nucleus
containing
genetic material
, while
prokaryotes
do not
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Prokaryotic cell wall
Composed
of
peptidoglycan
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Genetic information storage in
prokaryotic
cells
Found free within the
cytoplasm
as
chromosomal DNA
(single large loop of circular DNA) and
plasmid DNA
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Plasmids
Small,
circular
loops of
DNA
found free in the
cytoplasm
and
separate
from the main
DNA
, carrying
genes
that provide
genetic advantages
e.g.
antibiotic resistance
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Order of magnitude
A
power
to the
base 10
used to
quantify
and
compare size
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Centimetre (cm)
1 x 10-2 metres
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Millimetre
(
mm
)
1
×
10-3
metres
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Micrometre
(µm)
1
×
10-6
metres
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Nanometre (nm)
1
x
10-9
metres
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Difference in order of magnitude between a human hair (length =
100
µm) and the HIV virus (length =
100
nm)
100
µm = 10-4 m,
100
nm = 10-7 m, -4-(-7) = -4 + 7 = 3
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Components of both
plant
and
animal
cells
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
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Additional cell components found in plant cells
Chloroplasts
Permanent vacuole
Cell wall
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Function of the nucleus (other than storing genetic information)
Controls
cellular activities
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Structure of the cytoplasm
Fluid
component of the cell, containing
organelles
,
enzymes
and
dissolved ions
and
nutrients
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Function of the cytoplasm
Site of
cellular reactions
e.g.
first stage
of
respiration
,
transport medium
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Function of the cell membrane
Controls the
entry
and
exit
of materials
into
and
out
of the cell
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Function of the mitochondria
Site of later stages of
aerobic
respiration in which
ATP
is produced
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Function of the ribosomes
Joins
amino acids
in a specific order during
translation
for the
synthesis
of
proteins
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Composition of the
plant
cell wall
Cellulose
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Function of the plant cell wall
Provides
strength
, prevents the cell
bursting
when
water
enters by
osmosis
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Contents of the permanent vacuole
Cell sap
(a solution of
salts
,
sugars
and
organic acids
)
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Function of the permanent vacuole
Supports
the
cell
,
maintaining
its
turgidity
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Function of chloroplasts
Site of
photosynthesis
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Adaptations of sperm cells in animals
Haploid nucleus
contains
genetic information
Tail
enables
movement
Mitochondria
provide
energy
for
tail movement
Acrosome
contains
enzymes
that
digest
the
egg cell membrane
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Adaptations of nerve cells in animals
Long
axon
allows
electrical impulses
to be transmitted all over the body from the
central nervous system
Dendrites
from the
cell body
connect to and
receive impulses
from other
nerve cells
,
muscles
and
glands
Myelin sheath insulates
the
axon
and
speeds up
the
transmission
of
impulses
along the
nerve cell
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Adaptations of muscle cells in animals
Arrangement of
protein filaments
allows them to
slide
over each other to produce muscle
contraction
Mitochondria
to provide
energy
for muscle
contraction
Merged cells
in
skeletal
muscle allow muscle fibre
contraction
in unison
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Adaptations of root hair cells in plants
Large surface area
to absorb
nutrients
and
water
from surrounding
soil
Thin walls
that do not
restrict water absorption
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Adaptations of xylem cells in plants
No
upper or lower
margins
between cells to provide a
continuous route
for
water
to flow
Thick
,
woody side walls strengthen
their structure and prevent
collapse
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Adaptations of phloem cells in plants
Sieve plates
let
dissolved amino acids
and
sugars
be
transported up
and
down
the
stem
Companion cells
provide
energy
needed for
active transport
of
substances
along the
phloem
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Cell differentiation
The process by which
cells
become
specialised
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Importance of cell differentiation
Allows production
of
different tissues
and
organs
that perform various
vital functions
in the
human body
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Most
animal
cells
differentiate
early in their
life cycle
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Plant cells
retain the ability to
differentiate
throughout their entire
life cycle
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Purpose of
cell division
in
mature
animals
Repair
and
replacement
of cells
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Changes a cell goes through as it
differentiates
Becomes
specialised
through
acquisition
of different
sub-cellular structures
to enable a specific
function
to be performed by the
cell
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Magnification
The number of times
bigger
an
image
appears compared to the
size
of the
real object
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Throughout their
entire life cycle
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Resolution
The
smallest distance
between
two objects
that can be
distinguished
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How a
light microscope
works
Passes a beam of
light
through a
specimen
which
travels
through the
eyepiece lens
, allowing the
specimen
to be
observed
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