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neurobiology and immunology
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Cards (80)
Innate immune responses
are non-specific defenses that act immediately upon encountering
foreign
substances.
Adaptive immunity
involves lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells) that recognize specific
antigens
through receptors on their surface or inside the cell.
Adaptive
immune responses involve the production of specific antibodies or
T cells
, which can recognize and destroy pathogens.
Divisions of the Nervous System
Central
Nervous System (
CNS
)
Peripheral
Nervous System (
PNS
)
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Components of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic
Nervous System (SNS)
Autonomic
Nervous System (ANS)
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Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Contains
sensory
and
motor
neurons
Sensory neurons take
impulses
from sense organs to the
CNS
Motor
neurons take impulses from the
CNS
to muscles and glands
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Autonomic Nervous System
(ANS)
Consists of
sympathetic
and
parasympathetic
nervous systems
Sympathetic
system speeds up heart and breathing rates while slowing down peristalsis and production of
intestinal secretions
Parasympathetic system slows the
heart
and breathing rates but speed up peristalsis and production of
intestinal secretions
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Types of Neural Pathways
Converging
Diverging
Reverberating
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Converging neural pathways
Impulses from several neurons travel to one neuron, this increases the sensitivity to
excitatory
and
inhibitory
signals
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Diverging neural
pathways
Impulses from one neuron travel to several
neurons
so affecting more than
one
destination at the same time
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Reverberating neural pathways
Neurons later in the pathway link with earlier neurons, sending the impulse back through the pathway. This allows
repeated
stimulation of the pathway
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Cerebral cortex
The centre of conscious
thought.
It also recalls
memories
and alters behaviour in light of experience
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Cerebral cortex
There is
localisation
of
brain
functions (each area performs a specific function)
Sensory
area receives impulses from sense organs
Motor
area sends impulses to skeletal muscles
Association areas involved in
language processing
,
personality
, imagination and intelligence
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Cerebrum
Divided into
left
and
right
cerebral hemispheres
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Information from one side of the body is processed by the
cerebral hemisphere
on the
opposite
side
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The
left cerebral hemisphere
deals with information from the
right
visual field and controls the right side of the body, and vice versa
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The
corpus callosum
transfers information between the two
cerebral hemispheres
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Memory
Includes
past
experiences,
knowledge
and thoughts
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Memory
1.
Encoding
2.
Storage
3.
Retrieval
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Sensory memory
Retains all visual and auditory input received for a
few
seconds
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Short-term memory (STM)
Has a
limited capacity
and holds information for a
short
time
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STM capacity/memory span
The number of items, such as letters, words or numbers, that can be held in the
STM
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Items lost from STM
By
displacement
(when STM is replaced by new information) or
decay
(when memory/neural pathways is not reinforced/repeated so it decays/break down)
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Rehearsal
Retaining items in the STM by
repeating
the information again and again
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Chunking
Dividing a large number of items (eg 10) into a
smaller
number of items (3) to improve
STM capacity
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Serial position effect
The tendency of a person to recall the
first
and
last
items in a series best and the middle items worst
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Working memory model
Explains why
STM
can process data to a
limited
extent as well as store it
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Long-term memory
(LTM)
Has an
unlimited capacity
and holds information for a
long
time
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Transferring information to LTM
By
rehearsal
,
organisation
or elaboration
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Rehearsal
Repeating the information again and again (a
shallow
form of encoding)
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Elaboration
Adding additional information/more detail to the information or adding
meaning
to information (a deeper form of
encoding
)
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Retrieval from LTM
Aided by
contextual cues
(the time and place when the information was initially encoded)
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Neuron
Nerve cell with a cell body,
dendrites
(receive impulses) and
axon
(carries impulses away)
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Types of neurons
Sensory
Inter
Motor
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Myelination
Covering of
axon
fibres with a
myelin sheath
, which insulates them and increases the speed of impulse conduction
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Myelination
continues from birth to
adolescence
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Responses to stimuli in the first
two
years of life are not as
rapid
or coordinated as those in an older child or adult
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Certain diseases destroy the
myelin sheath
causing a loss of
coordination
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Glial cells
Physically support neurons and produce
myelin sheaths
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Synaptic
cleft
The gap between
neurons
where
neurotransmitters
are released
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