Engeo

• Geology


  The science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it
• Importance of Geology

  • Selection of a site is important from the viewpoint of stability of foundation and availability of construction materials
  • Geology provides knowledge about the site used in the construction
  • Civil engineers need to know the properties of rocks accurately to enable them to consider different rocks for any required purpose
  • Geology helps to identify area susceptible to failures due to geological hazards such as earthquake, landslides, weathering effects, etc.
  • A geological survey of a site before starting a project will reduce the overall cost
• Branches of Geology

  • Physical Geology
  • Historical Geology
  • Environmental Geology
• Physical Geology


  A course in which students will learn about earthquakes, volcanoes, Earth's history, the processes that shape Earth's surface, and about Earth's resources
• Historical Geology


  A branch of geology that looks of preserved evidence of geological events that occurred in the past
• Environmental Geology

  • Interactions between humans and their geologic environment-rocks water, air, soil, life
  • Application of geology in planning and development, and geological hazards including pollution and conservation
• Earth Structure and Composition

  • Crust
  • Mantle
• Crust


  Earth's outer surface, a cold, thin, brittle outer shell made of rock, very thin, relative to the radius of the planet
• Oceanic Crust


  • Composed of magma that erupts on the seafloor to create basalt lava flows or cools deeper down to create the intrusive igneous rock gabbro
  • Sediments, primarily muds and the shells of tiny sea creatures, coat the seafloor
• Continental Crust


  • Made up of many different types of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks
• Mantle


  Made of solid rock, and it is hot
• Scientists know that the mantle is made of rock based on evidence from seismic waves, heat flow, and meteorites
• GEOLOGY branch of natural science concerned with Earth and other astronomical objects, the features or rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time.
• The term geology consists of two Greek words; Geo meaning Earth and Logia meaning Study of
• Geologists are scientists who study the composition, structure, physical characteristics, dynamics, and history of Earth using observations and theories derived from rock formations, fossils, glacial deposits, and other natural materials.
• 1. Conduction - heat transfer that occurs through rapid collisions of atoms, which can only happen if the material is solid.
• 2. Convection - material that can move and flow that may develop convection currents
• CORE - metal for a few reasons. The density of Earth's surface layers is much less than the overall density of the planet, as calculated from the planet's rotation.
• • outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid because S- waves stop at the inner core. The strong magnetic field is caused by convection in the liquid outer core.
  • Convection currents in the outer core are due to heat from the even hotter inner core.
• CONTINENTAL DRIFT- HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT OF THE CONTINENTS ON A VAST-SCALE
• THE EAST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA AND THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA SEEM TO FIT TOGETHER LIKE PIECES OF A JIGSAW PUZZLE, AND WEGENER DISCOVERED THEIR ROCK LAYERS "FIT JUST AS CLEARLY, WEGENER WAS CONVINCED THAT ALL OF EARTH'S CONTINENTS WERE ONCE PART OF AN ENORMOUS, SINGLE LANDMASS CALLED PANGAEA.
• EVIDENCES GEOLOGICAL Continental boundaries on either side are matching with each other • Similarity in fossil contents • Lithological similarity • Stratigraphic similarity, with relation to age
• GEO-PHYSICAL • Palaeo-magnetic studies • Geodetic survey
• TECTONIC • Geological structures • Development of mid-oceanic ridges, fold mountains, island- arcs
• METEOROLOGICAL • Palaeo-climatic and palaeo- geographic analyses
• PLATE TECTONICS THEORY EXPLAINING THE MOVEMENT OF THE EARTH'S PLATES AND THE PROCESSES THAT OCCUR AT THEIR BOUNDARIES
• PLATE TECTONIC BOUNDARIES DIVERGENT Two tectonic plates move away from each other CONVERGENT-Two tectonic plates come together
• TRANSFORM PLATE-Two plates sliding past each other
• EARTH PROCESSES Earth's surface only habitat available to the human race. important to determine the causes of environmental degradation, to restore what is degraded, and to guide policy decisions toward a sustainable Earth surface.
• 1. FORMATION OF MOUNTAINS GEOLOGICAL PROCESS WHERE TO TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES COLLIDE 2. EARTHQUAKE WEAK TO VIOLENT SHAKING OF THE GROUND PRODUCED BY THE SUDDEN MOVEMENT OF ROCK MATERIALS BELOW THE EARTH'S SURFACE AND IS TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARY. 3. WEATHERING BREAKING DOWN OR DISSOLVING OF ROCKS AND MINERALS ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH