Hereditary, learned behaviors

• Tropism


  Movement dependent on the direction of the stimulus
• Nastia


  Movement independent of stimulus direction
• The more developed the animal

  The higher the proportion of learners
• Necessary for behavior


  • Stimulus (external or internal)
  • Motivation (IR+HR)
• Key stimulus


  Stimulus that is not filtered out as indifferent
• Motivation


  Hunger, thirst, fear, curiosity, reproduction
• Supernormal stimulus


  An effect that triggers a more effective response in an animal
• Supernormal stimulus


  • Cuckoo's larger, orange beak triggers stronger feeding response in host
  • Snail-turning bird prefers nest with larger egg
• Inherited behavior


  Non-experiential behavior
• Unconditional reflex


  Inherited response that occurs immediately to a given stimulus
• Unconditional reflex


  • Insects becoming immobile in response to sudden stimulus
  • Humans closing eyes, dodging in response to sudden stimulus
• Taxi driver behavior


  Stimulus not only triggers but also influences the direction of the animal's movement, constantly controlling it
• Taxi driver behavior


  • Flatworm crawling between 2 light sources to avoid light
• Learned behavior


  Behaviors that differ from individual to individual because they come from their own experience
• Imprinting


  Learning where the first moving creature seen is imprinted as the 'mother'
• Imprinting


  • Goslings imprinting on first moving creature they see
• Prey grabbing behaviour


  • Ferret playing with hamster, then learning hamster is not friend
• Habituation


  Animal learns what stimuli not to respond to
• Habituation


  • Snails no longer hiding after repeated blows
• Sensitization


  Opposite of habituation - animal becomes more responsive to stimulus
• Sensitization


  • Flatworm twitching in response to light after repeated electric shocks
• Conditional reflex


  Learned response to an initially indifferent stimulus associated with a significant stimulus
• Conditional reflex


  • Dog salivating in response to bell rung with food
• Operant learning


  Complex learning through active experience and mastering new behaviors
• Operant learning


  • Cat learning to press cage pedal to get food
• Insightful learning


  Most complex learning, using tools and combining pre-existing behaviors in novel ways
• Insightful learning


  • Chimpanzee using sticks of different lengths to reach food outside cage
• Instinct


  Behaviors with both inherited and learned elements
• Instinct

  • Experienced deaf female turkey recognizing and caring for her chicks, unlike inexperienced deaf female