biology organisations gcse aqa triple higher

• protein is broken down by protease enzymes in the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas
• protein is then broken down into amino acids which then get transported into the bloodstream
• Tissues are groups of similar cells that act together to perform a similar function.
• Organs are groups of distinct tissues that work together to perform a specific function.
• Organ systems are a group of organs that work together to perform a particular role.
• The stomach is an organ that contains tissues like Epithilial tissue, muscular tissue, and glandular tissue.
• Muscular tissue contracts - churning which is used to help digest food by turning the food into fluid which increase surface area for the enzymes to work on.
• Epithelial tissue is lining of the stomach
• Glandular tissue release juices that helps digest.
• The digestive system contains organs like the Glands, Small Intestine, Liver, Large intestine, and Stomach.
• Glands produce digestive enzymes
• Small intestine absorbs nutrients from digested food
• Liver produces bile which emulsifies fats so they can be broken down more easily
• Large intestine absorbs water from undigested material
• An organism is the highest level of organisation in a multicellular organism, consisting of several organ systems.
• Enzymes increase the speed of reactions. Known as Biological Catalysts.
• Substrate must bind to active site to produce smaller molecules.
• Lock and Key theory: The active site of an enzyme is complementary to the substrate.
• Denatured: A protein (enzyme) that has lost its shape and function due to heat or chemicals.
• Enzymes have an optimum pH, if the pH changes the enzyme activity decreases.
• If the pH is too low or too high, the enzyme is denatured and will not function.
• Increasing the temperature of a working enzyme initially increases the reacting activity.
• enzyme becomes denatured past a certain temperature as the active site changes shape.
• Reaction Rate = change in mass/change in time (g/s)
• steeper curve = faster rate of reaction
• Enzymes catalyse the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into smaller, soluble molecules.
• Bile is an alkaline substance produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
• Bile emulsifies fats into tiny droplets increasing the surface area.
• Bile neutralises acid from the stomach to stop enzymes becoming denatured.
• without bile to neutralise the acid, the enzymes become denatured.
• Amylase breaks down starch into its constituent simple sugars - maltose
• action sites of amylase - the small intestine, the mouth.
• production of amylase is in the pancreas and the salivary glands.
• Protease production is in Pancreas and Stomach
• Proteases break down proteins into amino acid
• Action sites of proteases are the Small intestine and the Stomach
• Lipases break down lipids into a molecule called Glycerol and fatty acids
• Produced in the small intestine and pancreas.
• Grind up the food and add distilled water to dissolve some of the food. FOOD TESTS
• Proteins - add biuret solution, it will turn to mauve or purple if proteins are present.