lipids

• Pharmacognosy


  Applied science that deals with the biologic, biochemical, economic features of drugs
• Pharmacognosy


  • Related to: Botany, Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Quality Control, Research
• Focus of Pharmacognosy


  • Identification of plants and animals
  • Chemistry
  • Evaluation, preservation, use/application of crude drugs
  • Toxicology
  • History, distribution, collection and selection
  • Preparation and commerce
• History of Pharmacognosy


  • Babylonians
  • Chinese
  • Indians
  • Egyptians
  • Greek
  • German
  • Philippines
• Materia Medica


  Medicinal materials - substances and products derived from natural sources and employed by physicians in the old days
• Indigenous plants


  Plants growing in their native countries
• Naturalized plants


  Plants that grow in foreign land
• Drugs


  Substances whether natural or synthetic, having therapeutic or medicinal properties and chiefly used as medicines or an ingredients in medicines
• Phylogeny


  Hierarchy among plants and animals
• Crude Drugs


  Collection and drying of vegetable and animal drugs, whole plants and animals and anatomical parts have not undergone any process or treatment other than collection and drying
• Natural substances


  Whole or part of a plant, Animals and their excised plants, No molecular modifications have been made
• Derivatives/Extractives


  Single substances or mixtures of substances considered to be the chief constituent of crude drugs (not a crude drug), Contains the primary and secondary metabolites
• Extraction Methods


  • Maceration
  • Digestion
  • Percolation
  • Infusion
  • Decoction
• Maceration


  1. Soaking (long time)

  2. No heat

  3. Phytochemical soluble in Alcohol
• Digestion


  Gentle heat
• Infusion


  1. Soaking (short time)

  2. Not necessary

  3. Phytochemical soluble in Water
• Decoction


  1. Boiling

  2. Heat is required
• Preparation of Crude Drugs


  • Collection
  • Harvesting
  • Drying
  • Curing
  • Garbling
  • Packaging
• Evaluation of Drugs


  • Organoleptic
  • Microscopic
  • Biological
  • Chemical
  • Physical
  • Instrumental
• Biological Methods


  • Digitalis (Pigeon)
  • Insulin (Rabbit)
  • Glucagon (Cat)
  • Oxytocin (Chicken)
  • Vasopressin (MALE rate)
  • Corticotropin (Rat)
  • Tubocurarine inj (Rabbit)
  • HCG (FEMALE rat)
  • Heparin, Protamine (Sheep blood plasma)
  • Cod liver oil (Rachitic rat)
  • Parathyroid hormone (Dogs)
• Classification of Drugs


  • Alphabetical
  • Morphologic
  • Taxonomic
  • Therapeutic application
  • Chemical Constituent
• Phytochemical Drug Classification
• Comp-As


  • Daisy family
  • Graminae
  • Poaceae
  • Gra-Po
  • Grass family
  • Cruciferae
  • Brassicaceae
  • Cru-Bra
  • Mustard family
  • Guttiferae
  • Clusiaceae
  • Gutt-Clus
  • Garcinia family (St. John's Wort)
  • Labiatae
  • Lamiaceae
  • La-La
  • Mint family
  • Leguminosae
  • Fabaceae
  • Le-Fa
  • Legume/Pea/Bean
  • Palmae
  • Arecaceae
  • Pal-Are
  • Palm family
  • Umbelliferae
  • Apiaceae
  • Um-Api
  • Celery, Carrot, Parsley, Dillweed
• Does not correlate in between the chemical and biologic properties of drugs
• Therapeutic application


  pharmacology
• Useful for suggesting drug substitutes if they are not available
• Drugs having action gets classified in more than one group = ambiguity
• Chemical Constituent


  pharmacognosy
• Popular/preferred approach for phytochemical studies – most efficient way in classifying crude drugs
• Ambiguities arise from drugs with different functional groups
• Organized drug


  • Leaves: digitalis, senna, tea, belladonna, spearmint
  • Barks: cassia, cinchona, cinnamon, kurchi, cascara
  • Flower: Clove, saffron, chamomile
  • Fruits: Capsicum, Lemon peel, Tamarind
  • Seeds: psyllium, bitter almond, nutmeg
  • Roots: ipecac, ginger, ginseng, rauwolfia
• Unorganized drug


  • Latex– Opium, Papain
  • Dried juice – Aloe, Kino
  • Dried extract – Agar, Alginate, Pectin
  • Waxes – Beeswax, Spermaceti, carnauba wax
  • Gums– Acacia, Guar gum, Indian gum
  • Resins– Asafetida, Benzoin, Colophony
  • Volatile oils– Eucalyptus, Camphor, Clove
  • Fats & Fixed oils – Castor, Arachis, Coconut
• Biogenesis


  the study of biochemical pathways leading to the formation of secondary constituent used as drugs
• Secondary metabolites


  • TERPENE derivatives
  • AROMATIC compounds
• Forms of Adulteration


  • SOPHISTICATION – intentional addition
  • ADMIXTURE – careless addition
  • SUBSTITUTION – different substance from labeled claim
  • DETERIORATION – misinterpretation of activity or purity due to intentional or unintentional procedures
  • SPOILAGE – partially decomposed, wormy or rancid drugs
  • INFERIORITY – active constituents is below standard
• Specific Tests


  • Marquis/Froehde
  • Murexide
  • Modified Duquenois
  • Mandelin's test
  • Kedde's
  • Erdmann's
  • Furter-Meyer
  • Bontrager's
  • Thalleioquin
  • Vitali Morin
  • Guignard
  • Willstatter Cyanidin
• Common Filipino Natural Products

  • AKAPULKO
  • AMPALAYA
  • BAWANG
  • BAYABAS
  • LAGUNDI
  • NIYUG-NIYOGAN
  • SAMBONG
  • TSAANG GUBAT
  • PANSIT-PANSITAN/ ULASIMANG BATO
  • YERBA BUENA
• Starch


  • Bigas
  • Kamote
  • Kamoteng kahoy
  • Mais
  • Patatas
• Glycosides


  • Adelfa
  • Akapulko
• Other Natural Products


  • Okra
  • Tawa-Tawa
  • Comfrey
  • Spirulina maxima
  • Royal Jelly
  • Ginseng
  • Valerian
  • Echinacea
  • Sponges
  • Brown algae