Unit 4a- Biodiversity

• What are the 3 domains of life?

  Eubacteria

  Archea

  Eukaryotes
• What is classification?

  how organisms are arranged into different groups called taxonomical groups based on similarities and differences
• What are the 2 types of classification?

  Phylogenetic and Artificial
• What is artificial classification?

  Organisms grouped by physical appearance
• What is the phylogenetic classification?

  organisms grouped based on evolutionary origins with no overlap and small groups placed into larger groups
• What is the order of the modern classification system?

  Domain , Kingdom , Phylum , Class , Order , Family , Genus , Species
• What are the 5 kingdoms?

  Animal

  Plant

  Protista

  Monera

  Fungi
• What are species?

  organisms that can breed together and produce fertile offspring
• Name 4 similiarities between eukaryotes and archae?

  cell membranes contain phospholipids

  No murein in cell walls

  Ribosomal structure is similar

  DNA transcription is similar
• Describe 3 ways in which courtship behaviour increases the chance of successful mating?

  Identify same species

  Identify opposite gender

  Indication of ability to mate
• What is biodiversity?

  variety of species within the world or in an area
• Define species diversity?

  number of different species in a community
• Define ecosystem diversity?

  number of different habitats within an area or world
• What is species richness?

  measure of the number of different species in a community
• What is index of diversity?

  Measure of number of different species in an area but also the abundance of species
• Describe the difference between index of diversity and species richness?

  index of diversity takes into account abundance of species
• What is the effect of farming techniques on biodiversity?

  decreases it
• Name 5 ways in which farming reduces biodiversity?

  Expanding fields by removing hedges

  Monoculture

  Reduce time between ploughing and sowing

  Selective breeding

  Spray chemicals ( pesticides, herbicides and fertilisers)
• Explain how expanding fields by removing hedges reduces biodiversity?

  reduces habitat available
• Explain how reducing time between ploughing and sowing reduces biodiversity?

  reduces time for wild birds to feed
• Explain the effect of selective breeding on biodiversity?

  reduces genetic diversity
• Explain how spraying pesticides, herbicides and fertilisers reduce biodiversity?

  kills pollinators

  Fertiliser runs off in nearby waters and accumulates which causes eutrophication
• What are 2 ways available to maintain or improve biodiversity around farmlands?

  Rewilded areas

  Promote organic farming
• Define rewilding?

  reintroducing a once native species after removing all human interference
• What is an issue with organic farming?

  expensive
• Define genetic diversity?

  variety of different alleles within a population
• What 4 things can be compared to investigate genetic diversity between species?

  comparing characteristics

  compare base sequence of DNA

  compare base sequence of mRNA

  amino acid sequence of proteins encoded by DNA and mRNA
• What is the quickest way to determine genetic diversity?

  comparing characteristics
• What are the limitations of comparing characteristics when determining genetic diversity?

  Characteristics can be shared

  Not precise and reliable
• What caused the method of measuring genetic diversity to improve?

  technology advanced ( e.g DNA sequencing )
• If there are more similarities between the DNA base sequence of 2 species what does that mean?

  they are more closely related
• Define interspecific variation?

  differences between species
• Define intraspecific variation?

  difference between individuals of the same species
• What are the 2 types of sampling?

  Random

  Systematic
• Define species frequency?

  probability that species will be found within any quadrat in sample area
• Define species density?

  individuals of that species per unit area
• Name one limitation of quadrats and transects?

  can only be used for immobile ad sessile species
• Define standard deviation?

  measure of spread or dispersion of data around the mean
• What does a small standard deviation mean?

  data close to the mean
• What does a large standard deviation mean?

  data spread out