all of chem

• What is the mass of protons and neutrons?

  Mass of one
• What is the charge of neutrons?

  Zero
• What is the mass of electrons compared to protons?

  1/1836 of a proton
• What does the atomic number represent?

  Number of protons in an element
• How does the mass number differ from the atomic number?

  Mass number includes protons and neutrons
• What are isotopes?

  Different versions of an element
• How do carbon-12 and carbon-14 differ?

  They have different mass numbers
• What happens to the mass when neutrons increase?

  Mass increases
• What is the charge of a calcium ion after losing electrons?

  +2
• What is the relative molecular mass?

  Average mass of a molecule
• What does AR stand for?

  Relative atomic mass
• How is the relative atomic mass calculated for boron?

  Using the percentage of isotopes
• What is the formula for calculating relative atomic mass?

  (20 * 10 + 80 * 11) / 100
• What charge do group one elements form?

  +1 ions
• What is the formula for sodium carbonate?

  Na2CO3
• How do you balance the charges in sodium carbonate?

  Positive and negative charges must equal
• What is the state symbol for solid?

  S
• Why is balancing equations important?

  It ensures conservation of mass
• What is the first step in balancing an equation?

  Draw circles around the equations
• What is the smallest number of significant figures in a calculation?

  Smallest number in the question
• How do you convert Celsius to Kelvin?

  Add 273
• What is the equation for moles?

  n = m / M
• What is Avogadro's number?

  6.02 x 10^23
• What does the ideal gas law relate?

  Pressure, volume, and temperature
• How do you find the empirical formula?

  Divide by the atomic mass
• What is the formula for hydrated copper sulfate?

  CuSO4·5H2O
• What happens to hydrated salts when heated?

  They lose water and change color
• How do you determine the formula of a hydrated salt?

  Calculate mass loss and ratio
• What is the formula for aluminum nitrate?

  Al(NO3)3
• How do you find the number of waters in a hydrated salt?

  Divide by the smallest number of moles
• What is the formula for the hydrated aluminum nitrate?

  Al(NO3)3·9H2O
• What are the key components of atomic structure?

  • Protons: mass of 1, charge +1
  • Neutrons: mass of 1, charge 0
  • Electrons: mass 1/1836, charge -1
• What is the difference between empirical and molecular formulas?

  • Empirical formula: simplest whole number ratio
  • Molecular formula: exact number of each element
• What are the steps to balance a chemical equation?

  1. Draw circles around the equations
  2. Count atoms on both sides
  3. Adjust coefficients to balance
  4. Include state symbols
• What is the significance of significant figures in calculations?

  • Reflects precision of measurements
  • Answer should match smallest significant figures
• What is the role of Avogadro's number in chemistry?

  • Represents number of particles in a mole
  • Essential for mole calculations
• What is the importance of the ideal gas law?

  • Relates pressure, volume, and temperature
  • Used to calculate gas behavior
• What is the process of determining the formula of a hydrated salt?

  1. Calculate mass loss upon heating
  2. Determine moles of anhydrous salt and water
  3. Find ratio of moles
• What are the common state symbols used in chemical equations?

  • S: solid
  • L: liquid
  • G: gas
  • AQ: aqueous
• What is the significance of the periodic table in chemistry?

  • Displays elements' atomic and mass numbers
  • Helps predict chemical behavior and reactions