Class Differences Achievement (1) External Factors

• Bernstein identified differences between working class and middles class language that influence achievement. The restricted code is used by the WC. It has limited vocab. The elaborated code is used by the MC. It has wider vocab.
• What did Bernstein identify.

  class language elabourted restricted
• Fatalism- a belief in fate
• Collectivism 


  Valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual
• Immediate gratification


  Seeking pleasure now
• Maternal Deprivation

  This is the main cause of underachievement. This term refers to poverty and lack of material necessities.
• Housing

  Direct Affect- Overcrowding makes it hard for the child to study, less room for educational activities. For babies there is a lack of safe play and exploration.
• Housing

  Indirect Affect- Greater risk of accidents. Cold or damp housing cause ill health. Health problem mean absence from school
• Diet And Health

  Howard found young people from poor homes have lower intakes of energy. Poor health can affect the immune system lowering children energy levels. Resulting in an absence from school. Emotional and behavioural issues get excluded or put in isolation
• Parenting Style

  Educated parents emphasise consistent discipline and high expectations of their children and support their achievement.
• Parenting Style

  Uneducated parents inconsistently discipline their children and emphasis 'do as your told' prevents the children learning independence and self control leading to poorer motivation and problems interacting with children
• Parents Use Of Income

  Better educated parents send their income in ways that promote their children's educational success I.E tutoring. Young found that MC mother bought educational toys and books. WC homes more likely to lack resources.
• Working Class Subculture

  Surgarman believed that WC subculture has 4 key features fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification and present time orientation