Biology

• The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the cell and regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.
• DNA replication involves the unwinding of double-stranded DNA, the formation of complementary strands, and the separation of the two new strands.
• Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into ATP, releasing energy to power various cellular processes.
• Mitochondria produce energy through aerobic respiration.
• Chromosomes are made up of genes that determine inherited characteristics.
• The nucleus is the control centre of the cell, containing DNA.
• Transcription is the process by which RNA molecules are produced from DNA templates using enzymes called RNA polymerases.
• Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate molecules.
• Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis.
• Mitosis is the process by which eukaryotic cells divide to produce genetically identical daughter cells.
• Meiosis is the process by which sexually reproducing organisms create gametes with half the number of chromosomes as normal body cells.
• Ribosomes are small structures within cells where protein synthesis occurs.
• Proteins are large molecules composed of amino acids and play important roles in many biological functions.
• Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes used to break down waste materials inside the cell.
• Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions within cells.
• Vacuoles store substances such as food or waste products.
• Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and produces two pyruvate molecules per glucose molecule.
• Aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria and involves three stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), and electron transport chain.
• Meiosis is the process by which sex cells (gametes) are formed through two rounds of division with crossing over between homologous chromosomes.
• Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotic cells responsible for producing ATP through aerobic respiration.
• The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) that controls all activities within the cell.
• Aerobic respiration involves the breakdown of glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
• In prokaryotes, there is no membrane-bound nucleus or other membranous structures.
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes that plays a role in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
• Lysosomes are vesicles containing digestive enzymes used to break down waste materials inside cells.
• Vacuoles are large sac-like structures filled with fluid or semi-solid material that serve various functions such as storage, support, and protection.
• Vacuoles store water, nutrients, and wastes in plant cells.
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a long molecule that contains genetic information and serves as the blueprint for making proteins.
• Mitochondria produce energy through aerobic respiration, converting glucose into ATP.
• Chloroplasts are found only in plant cells and contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy during photosynthesis.
• Glycolysis is anaerobic respiration that breaks down glucose into pyruvate without oxygen.
• Anaerobic respiration is a type of metabolism that does not require oxygen.
• Mitochondria generate energy through cellular respiration.
• Cell membranes regulate what enters and exits the cell through selective permeability.
• prokaryotes are single-celled organisms belonging to the domains Bacteria and Archaea. They do not have membrane bound organelles and are simple, small, and unicellular.

  
• eukaryotes are multicellular or complex unicellular organisms with membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and cell wall (in plants).