PR1

• Research


  The scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis, interpretation of facts that lines an individual's speculation with reality
• Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge no on mere beliefs, guesses or theories
• Systematic and well-planned procedure

  Required to meet the need in order that information is acquired and evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness
• Process of inquiring


  Investigate about your chosen research topic by asking questions that will make you engage yourself in top-level thinking strategies of interpreting, analyzing, synthesizing, criticizing, appreciating, creating to enable you to discover truths
• Inquiry


  A seeking for truth, information or knowledge
• Investigation


  A systematic examination of a certain event or phenomenon
• Immersion


  Process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply involves) himself in the data gathering activities and the data he has gathered is carefully read or examined
• Purpose of research


  • To inform action
  • To prove or generate a theory
  • To augment knowledge in a field or study
  • To learn how to work independently
  • To learn how to work scientifically or systematically
  • To have an in-depth knowledge of something
  • To elevate your mental abilities
  • To improve your reading a writing skills
  • To be familiar with the basic tools of research and the various techniques of gathering data and of presenting research findings
  • To free yourself from the domination or strong influence of a single textbook or the professor's lone viewpoint or spoon feeding
• Research directs us to inquire about the right information by conducting further investigation of the actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving results and findings by proving lied and supporting the truth.
• Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers new things and issues in life. It helps us solve problems in health, crimes, business, technology, and environment.
• Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable information to others as a way of recognizing various concerns for public awareness.
• Characteristics of research


  • Empirical
  • Logical
  • Cyclical
  • Analytical
  • Critical
  • Methodical
  • Replicability
• Seven steps of the research process

  1. Define and develop your topic (research problem)

  2. Find background information about your chosen topic (review of related literature)

  3. Plan your research design including your sample (methodology)

  4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative research) and close-ended questionnaire or paper pencil test (for quantitative research)

  5. Process and analyze data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and statistical tools (quantitative research)

  6. Formulate new insights gained (qualitative research) conclusions (for quantitative research) and recommendations

  7. Define a new problem
• Ethical considerations in conducting research

  • Objectivity and integrity/ reliability
  • Respect of the research subjects right to privacy and dignity and protection of subjects from personal harm
  • Presentation of research findings
  • Misuse or research findings
  • Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
  • Distortions of findings by sponsor
• What are the research ethics

  • Informed consent
  • Honesty
  • Objectivity
  • Integrity
  • Carefulness
  • Openness
  • Respect for intellectual property
  • Confidentiality
  • Responsible mentoring
  • Responsible publication
  • Respect for colleagues
  • Social responsibility
  • Non-discrimination
  • Competence
  • Legality
  • Animal care
  • Human subjects protection
• Rights of research participants

  • Human rights
  • Intellectual property
  • Copyright infringement
  • Voluntary participation
  • Anonymity
  • Privacy
• Quantitative research


  Measure used to describe, test relationship, examine case and effect relationships. Uses measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research. Starts from a hypothesis or already created theory emphasizing the previously researched phenomenon from different views.
• Qualitative research


  Research approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning. Seeks to answer questions about why and how people behave in the way they do. Sample size is typically small and respondents are selected to fulfill a given quota. Characteristics observes from the respondents. Kind of inquiry is associated with the assessment of the social dimension. Provides outcomes that are meaningful and particular. Data collection is usually unstructured or semi-structured.
• Characteristics of qualitative research

  • Direct source of data is the natural setting and the researcher is the key instrument
  • Data collected are in the form or words or illustrations rather than numbers
  • Qualitative research is concerned with process as well as product
  • Analysis of data is taken inductively
  • Qualitative research deals with how people make sense out of their lives
• Uses of qualitative research


  • Draw meaningful information about beliefs, feelings, values, and motivations that support behavior
  • Learn directly from people and what is important to them
  • Provide the context required to elicit quantitative results
  • Identify variables important for further studies
  • Determine one's genre as a primary step to develop a quantitative survey
  • Assess the usability of websites, database, or other interactive media/service
• Kinds of qualitative research

  • Phenomenological method
  • Ethnographic model
  • Grounded theory method
  • Case study model
  • Historical model
  • Narrative model
• Strengths of qualitative research


  • Provides in-depth information on individual cases
  • Qualitative research tolerates shifts in focus based on research results
  • Enables data to be collected in natural setting
  • Rich phenomena situated in some exceptional environment
  • Determines possible causes of a particular event in another perspective
  • Unravels complex phenomena embedded in local context
  • Allows flexibility in research-related process
  • Conveys setting factors related to the situation of interest
  • Permits approaches that responsive to local conditions and stakeholders' needs
  • Presents several options in the conduct of research
  • Accepts unstructured interpretation of the participants, respecting anything that is in the participants' context
• Weaknesses of qualitative research

  • Data gathering is often time-consuming
  • Analysis of data takes longer time than that in quantitative analysis
  • Interpretation usually biased because it is influences by the researcher's perspective
  • Conclusions are not generalizable because the subjects are few and sometimes possess unique characteristics compared to typical respondents
• Quantitative Research


  Involves the collection and analysis of numerical data, allowing for statistical process and conclusion to be drawn. It provides a systematic rigorous approach to studying phenomena and allows verification of findings.
• Quantitative Research


  • Uses statistical methods to analyze and interpret data, establish relationships between variables, and test hypotheses
  • Applies statistical methods to quantify relationships, identify patterns, and make statistical inferences that help support or refute research hypotheses
  • Requires a large sample of the population to deliver reliable results
  • Larger sample sizes help researchers identify outliers in data and provide smaller margins of error
  • Is considered hypothesis-driven because it involves testing specific hypotheses or research questions using numerical data and statistical methods
  • Collects quantifiable information that can be used to identify patterns and averages, make predictions, and generalize results to larger populations
  • The standardized nature allows for the replication of studies, reinforcing its objectivity and reliability
  • Requires recommendations because it aims to provide practical implications and guidance for future actions or decision-making
  • Uses a deductive approach, developing a hypothesis based on existing theory and then designing a research strategy to test the hypothesis
  • Is generalizable, meaning the research findings can be generalized to individuals other than those who participated in the study
  • Is considered important in drawing conclusions because it used to make objective and reliable inferences about a population or phenomenon
  • Often requires tables and charts to present numerical data in a clear and organized manner
  • Is regarded as standardized because it adheres to a structured methodology, often employing standardized tools like surveys with fixed response options
  • Is close ended because it is focused on collecting quantifiable data through structured surveys or questionnaires with pre-determined response options
• Quantitative research methodology involves collecting and analyzing numerical data to identify patterns, relationships, or trends. It employs structured research designs, statistical techniques, and standardized measurement tools to derive objective conclusions and generalize findings to a larger population.
• Quantitative Research


  Involves the collection and analysis of numerical data, allowing for statistical process and conclusion to be drawn. It provides a systematic rigorous approach to studying phenomena and allows verification of findings.
• Quantitative Research


  • Uses statistical methods to analyze and interpret data, establish relationships between variables, and test hypotheses
  • Applies statistical methods to quantify relationships, identify patterns, and make statistical inferences that help support or refute research hypotheses
  • Requires a large sample of the population to deliver reliable results
  • Larger sample sizes help researchers identify outliers in data and provide smaller margins of error
  • Is considered hypothesis-driven because it involves testing specific hypotheses or research questions using numerical data and statistical methods
  • Collects quantifiable information that can be used to identify patterns and averages, make predictions, and generalize results to larger populations
  • The standardized nature allows for the replication of studies, reinforcing its objectivity and reliability
  • Requires recommendations to provide practical implications and guidance for future actions or decision-making
  • Uses a deductive approach, developing a hypothesis based on existing theory and then designing a research strategy to test the hypothesis
  • Is generalizable, meaning the research findings can be generalized to individuals other than those who participated in the study
  • Is considered important in drawing conclusions because it uses quantifiable data to make objective and reliable inferences about a population or phenomenon
  • Often requires tables and charts to present numerical data in a clear and organized manner
  • Is regarded as standardized because it adheres to a structured methodology, often employing standardized tools like surveys with fixed response options
  • Is close-ended because it is focused on collecting quantifiable data through structured surveys or questionnaires with pre-determined response options
• Quantitative research methodology involves collecting and analyzing numerical data to identify patterns, relationships, or trends. It employs structured research designs, statistical techniques, and standardized measurement tools to derive objective conclusions and generalize findings to a larger population.