Section D

• reasons to marry Anne of Cleves:

  -Henry needed more sons and England needed allies

  -by 1539 Anne of cleves had emerged as a favourite option as she was gentle and obedient

  -Cleves was a small kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire so it would allow Henry to make an alliance with a great European power

  -cromwell didnt want Henry to marry a Catholic

  -a treaty confirming their match was signed in October 1539
• the failure of marriage to Anne of cleves:

  -Henry first saw Anne in December 1539 and instantly disliked her

  -the wedding was postponed for 2 days as Henry tried to get out of it, but he needed an alliance as invasion seemed imminent

  -married on 6 January 1540 and the next day Henry reported they didn't consummate the marriage

  -Anne didn't fit into court life

  -Henry had alo now fallen for Catherine Howard and was pursuing her by 1540

  -alliance was no longer needed as tension between Francis and Charles had eased

  -July 1540 their marriage had been annulled

  -by the end of the month Henry married Catherine Howard

  -Anne was granted the 'kings sister' and given a lot of land and money
• Cromwells fall from power in 1540:


  -Henry blamed Cromwell for the failure of his marriage to Anne of cleves

  -Cromwell religious policies were too protestant for Henry who now wanted a return to traditional Catholic values

  -April 1540 he was awarded earl of Essex so still had support from Henry

  -the actions of the Duke of Norfolk
• Who was Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk?

  Anne Boleyn's uncle and a committed Catholic
• How was Thomas Howard related to Catherine Howard?

  He was her uncle
• Why was Norfolk bitter regarding his position with Henry VIII?

  He failed to become Henry's chief minister
• What were the three reasons Norfolk hated Cromwell?

  Cromwell was Protestant, of low birth, and had a title
• What did Norfolk instruct Catherine Howard to do in 1540?

  Spread rumors about Cromwell's laziness
• What false claims were made against Cromwell?

  He was lazy in the divorce and plotting Protestantism
• How did Henry VIII respond to the accusations against Cromwell?

  He believed the accusations
• What action did Cromwell take against the Howard family burial site?

  He ordered its closure
• What did Cromwell attempt to do regarding Norfolk in 1540?

  Have him exiled from court
• Why did Cromwell fail to exile Norfolk?

  His claim about sweating sickness was unproven
• When was Cromwell arrested?

  10 June 1540
• What charges were brought against Cromwell?

  Treason and heresy
• What significant event happened on 29 June 1540?

  Parliament passed the act of attainder
• What did the act of attainder allow regarding Cromwell?

  Declared him guilty without a trial
• How did Cromwell attempt to save himself after his arrest?

  He wrote to Henry begging for mercy
• What was Henry's response to Cromwell's plea for mercy?

  He ignored it
• When was Cromwell executed?

  29 July 1540
• What significant event coincided with Cromwell's execution?

  Henry married Catherine Howard
• significance of cromwells death:

  -greeted happily by many who saw him as responsible for the destruction of the monasteries

  -religious reformers lost a significant ally

  -the Catholic faction in court led by Duke of Norfolk became more influential

  -within months Henry regretted his decision and accuses his councilors of cromwells downfall through false accusations