Nursing Info 3

• General System Theory


  A method of thinking about complex structures such as an information system or an organization
• General System Theory


  • The focus is on interactions among the various parts of the system instead of regarding each individual part as standing alone
  • The whole is greater than the sum of its parts and is the basis for holistic nursing
• Open system

  Continually exchanges information with the environment outside the system
• Closed system


  Receives no input from the outside
• A computerized information system is a perfect example of a system
• Change Theory


  Developed by Kurt Lewin, the most influential theory. He theorized a 3-stage model of change known as UNFREZZING-CHANGE-REFREEZE model that requires prior learning to be rejected and replaced
• Chaos Theory


  • Deals with the differences in outcomes depending on conditions at the starting point
  • Addresses an entire structure without reducing it to the elements parts, this makes it useful with complex systems such as information systems
  • What may appear to be chaotic actually has an order, it is based on the recognized fact that events and phenomena depend on initial conditions
• Chaos theory is nonlinear, it allows us to seeing things reframed as a whole can stimulate new thinking and new approaches
• Cognitive Learning Theory


  • Explains why the brain is the most incredible network of information processing as we learn things
  • Can aid an informatics nurse specialist in understanding the information processing done by a nurse in decision making, thus facilitating the design of tools to support these processes
• Cognitive Learning Theory


  • Implies that the different processes concerning learning can be explained by analyzing the mental processes first
  • Posits that with effective cognitive process, learning is easier and new information can be stored in the memory for a long time
  • Ineffective cognitive processes result to learning difficulties that can be seen anytime during the lifetime of an individual
• The Wealth of Nations was written in 1776
• Rational


  (in classical economic theory) economic agents are able to consider the outcome of their choices and recognise the net benefits of each one
• Consumers act rationally by


  Maximising their utility
• Producers act rationally by


  Selling goods/services in a way that maximises their profits
• Workers act rationally by


  Balancing welfare at work with consideration of both pay and benefits
• Governments act rationally by


  Placing the interests of the people they serve first in order to maximise their welfare
• Rationality in classical economic theory is a flawed assumption as people usually don't act rationally
• Nursing Informatics Models

  • Graves and Corcoran's Model
  • Schiwirian's Model
  • Turley's Model
  • Data Information Knowledge (D-I-K) Model
  • Benner's Novice to Expert Model
• Graves and Corcoran's Model (1989)


  Nursing informatics as the linear progression - from data into information and knowledge Management processing is integrated within each elements, depicting nursing informatics as the proper management of knowledge – from data as it is converted into information and knowledge
• Schiwirian's Model (1986)


  • Nursing informatics involves identification of information needs, resolution of the needs, and attainment of nursing goals/objectives
  • Proposed a model intended to stimulate and guide systematic research in nursing informatics
• Turley's Model (1996)


  • Nursing informatics is the intersection between the discipline-specific science (nursing) and the area of informatics
  • Core components of informatics: Cognitive science, Information science, Computer science
• Data-Information-Knowledge (DIKW) Model


  • Describes how data can be processed and transformed into Information, Knowledge and Wisdom
  • Can be viewed from two different concepts: Contextual and Understanding
• Benner's Level of Expertise Model


  • Provides a theory that clearly applies to nursing informatics
  • Can be applied to the development of nursing informatics skills, competencies, knowledge and expertise in nursing informatics specialist, the development of technological system competencies in practicing nurses, the education of nursing students, and the transition from graduate nurse to expert nurse
• Levels of Expertise (Benner)


  • Novice
  • Advanced Beginner
  • Competent
  • Proficient
  • Expert
• General system theory: is a method of thinking about complex structures such as an information system or an organization . A simplified description of systems theory holds that any change in one part of a system will be reflected in other parts of the system
• Systems are described as being either open or closed.  Open system : continually exchanges information with the environment outside the system.  Closed system: system receives no input from the outside
• sagutan mo lang te

  A)

  B)

  C)

  D)

  
• Chaos theory was encountered by a meteorologist , Edward Lorenz in 1960 when attempting to predict the weather with a set of 12 equations.
• Chaos theory deals with the differences in outcomes depending on conditions at the starting point
• Chaos Theory  Example : - the conditions where an information system is first envisioned will affect the overall design
• • Novice – individuals with no experience of situations and related content in those situations where they are expected to perform tasks
  • Advanced Beginner – marginally demonstrate acceptable performance having built on lessons learned in their expanding experience base; needs supervision
• • Competent – enhanced mastery and the ability to cope with and manage many contingencies
  • Proficient – evolution through continuous practice of skills, combined with professional experience and knowledge; individual who appreciates standards of practice as they apply in nursing informatics