intellectual & linguistic skills

• theorists argue many children from low-income black families lack:

  -intellectual stimulation

  -enriching experiences

  > leaving poorly equipped for success
• Bereiter & Engelmann


  -language spoken in low income black families inadequate for educational success

  -ungrammatical

  -incapable of expressing abstract ideas
• first language


  -english as second language can hold back educationally

  -disadvantage as switch between languages