barlow, durand, hoffman

• Psychological Disorder

  Behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment.
• Robert Sapolsky arbeitete eng mit den Masai-Menschen in Ostafrika zusammen. Eine Frau hatte sich aggressiv verhalten, Stimmen gehört und mit ihren eigenen Händen eine Ziege getötet. Nur Männer töteten Ziegen und Stimmen zu hören war zur falschen Zeit.
• Nicholas Oresme, Hauptberater des Königs von Frankreich, sah die Krankheit der Melancholie (Depression) als Quelle einiger bizarrer Verhaltensweisen, nicht als Dämonen.
• Moralische Therapie, wie sie in den Asklepios-Tempeln des 6. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. und später von Philippe Pinel und Benjamin Rush praktiziert wurde, behandelte psychische Störungen mit humanen und positiven psychologischen Interventionen.
• Die Psychoanalyse von Sigmund Freud basierte auf den Ideen von Franz Anton Mesmer und Jean-Martin Charcot.
• Moral therapy worked best when the number of patients in an institution was 200 or fewer, allowing for a great deal of individual attention
• Dorothea Dix


  A schoolteacher who campaigned endlessly for reform in the treatment of insanity
• Everyone who needed care received it, including the homeless
• Increase in the number of mental patients

  Hospitals were inadequately staffed
• Franz Anton Mesmer


  Problem was caused by an undetectable fluid found in all living organisms called "animal magnetism," which could become blocked
• Mesmer's treatment


  • Patients sit in a dark room around a large vat of chemicals with rods extending from it and touching them. Dressed in flowing robes, he might then identify and tap various areas of their bodies where their animal magnetism was blocked while suggesting strongly that they were being cured
• Jean-Martin Charcot was the head of the Salpétrière Hospital in Paris
• Charcot helped legitimize the fledgling practice of hypnosis
• Breuer and Freud's treatment

  1. Asked patients to describe their problems, conflicts, and fears in as much detail as they could while in a state hypnosis

  2. Breuer and Freud had "discovered" the unconscious mind

  3. Catharsis: Release of emotional material

  4. Insight: A fuller understanding of the relationship between current emotions and earlier events
• Anna O (Bertha Pappenheim)


  Developed hysterical symptoms five months after her father became ill. Blurry vision, difficulty moving her right arm and both legs, difficulty speaking
• Neuroses


  Neurotic disorders, from an old term referring to disorders of the nervous system
• Structure of the Mind

  • ID (Pleasure Principle)
  • Ego (Reality Principle)
  • Superego (Moral Principles)
• ID


  Source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies. Goal: Maximizing pleasure and eliminating any associated tension or conflicts. Primary Process: Type of thinking that is emotional, irrational, illogical, filled with fantasies, and preoccupied with sex, aggression, selfishness, and envy. Libido: The energy or drive within the id. Thanatos: The death instinct
• Ego


  Executive or manager of our minds. Mediate conflict between the id and the superego. Secondary Process: Thinking styles that are characterized by logic and reason
• Superego


  Conscience; Instilled in us by our parents and our culture. Intrapsychic Conflicts: All conflicts within the mind due to the opposing demands of id and superego
• Defense Mechanisms


  • Denial
  • Displacement
  • Projection
  • Rationalization
  • Reaction Formation
  • Repression
  • Sublimation
• Psychosexual Stages of Development

  • Oral Stage
  • Phallic Stage
• Oral Stage


  Characterized by a central focus on the need for food. Principal Source of Pleasure: The lips, tongue, and mouth (act of sucking). Fixation: Excessive thumb sucking and emphasis on oral stimulation through eating, chewing pencils, or biting fingernails. Adult Personality Characteristics: Dependency and passivity
• Phallic Stage


  Characterized by early genital self-stimulation. The Greek Tragedy Oedipus Rex: Oedipus is fated to kill his father and, unknowingly, to marry his mother. Young boys relive this fantasy when genital self-stimulation is accompanied by images of sexual interactions with their mothers. Castration Anxiety: Strong fears develop that the father may punish that lust by removing the son's penis. Oedipus Complex: The battle of the lustful impulses on the one hand and castration anxiety on the other creates a conflict that is internal, or intrapsychic. Electra Complex: The young girl as wanting to replace her mother and possess her father. Penis Envy: The girl's desire for a penis, so as to be more like her father and brothers
• Later Developments in Psychoanalytic Thought

  • Anna Freud (Ego Psychology)
  • Heinz Kohut (Self-Psychology)
  • Object Relations
  • Jung's Collective Unconscious
  • Alfred Adler
  • Erik Erikson
• Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy


  1. Free Association

  2. Dream Analysis

  3. Transference

  4. Countertransference

  5. Classical Psychoanalysis

  6. Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
• Self-Actualizing


  All of us could reach our highest potential, in all areas of functioning, if only we had the freedom to grow
• Hierarchy of Needs


  Beginning with our most basic physical needs for food and sex and ranging upward to our needs for self-actualization, love, and self-esteem
• Person-Centered Therapy (Client-Centered Therapy)

  The therapist takes a passive role, making as few interpretations as possible. Give the individual a chance to develop during the course of therapy, unfettered by threats to the self. Unconditional Positive Regard: The complete and almost unqualified acceptance of most of the client's feelings and actions. Empathy: Sympathetic understanding of the individual's particular view of the world
• Classical Conditioning


  A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response
• Classical Conditioning Example


  • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Food or chemotherapy. Unconditioned Response (UCR): Natural or unlearned response to this stimulus (salivation or nausea). Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Nurse associated with the chemotherapy. Conditioned Response (CR): Nauseous sensation (upon seeing the nurse)
• Extinction


  Presentation of the CS without the UCS for a long enough period would eventually eliminate the CR
• Introspection was the approach of Edward Titchener, where subjects simply reported on their inner thoughts and feelings after experiencing certain stimuli
• Behaviorism


  John B. Watson was the American psychologist and the founder of behaviorism
• Little Albert Experiment


  • Watson and Rosalie Rayner presented an 11-month-old boy named Albert with a harmless fluffy white rat to play with. Every time Albert reached for the rat, however, the experimenters made a loud noise behind him
• Mary Cover Jones' Experiment

  • Boy named Peter, who at 2 years, 10 months old was already quite afraid of furry objects. Bring a white rabbit into the room where Peter was playing for a short time each day. She also arranged for other children, whom she knew did not fear rabbits, to be in the same room
• Systematic Desensitization


  Individuals were gradually introduced to the objects or situations they feared so that their fear could extinguish. They could test reality and see that nothing bad happened in the presence of the phobic object or scene
• Operant Conditioning


  A type of learning in which behavior changes as a function of what follows the behavior
• Law of Effect


  Behavior is either strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences of that behavior
• Shaping


  A process of reinforcing successive approximations to a final behavior or set of behaviors