Learning chap 5

• Learning: the process of acquiring knowledge or skills resulting from experience; there are many approaches
• Behaviourist approach: an approach to learning that states that behaviours are learned through interactions with the encvironment
• Conditioning: the learning process by which the behaviour of an organism becomes dependent on an event occurring in its environment
• Stimulus: an environmental event that triggers a response in an organism
• Response: a behavioural reaction to a stimulus
• Classical conditioning: a simple form of learning that occurs through repeated associations between two stimuli to produce a conditioned response
• Before conditioning: the first stage of classical conditioning; at this stage no learning has occurred
• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that consistently produces a naturally occurring, automatic response
• Unconditioned response (UCR): a response that occurs automatically/involuntarily when the unconditioned stimulus is presented
• Neutral stimulus (NS): a stimulus (prior to conditioning) that doesn‘t produce a response
• Acquisition: the process during which an organism learns to associate two events (the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus)
• During conditioned: the second stage of classical conditioning, which learning occurs through association
• After conditioning: the final stage of classical conditioning
• Conditioned stimulus (CS): a stimulus that was previously neutral but now, as a result of repeated associations with the unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response
• Conditioned response (CR): a learned behaviour that is similar to the unconditioned response and is now triggered by the conditioned stimulus as a result of conditioning
• Operant conditioning: a learning process in which the likelihood of a voluntary behaviour occurring is determined by its consequence
• Antecedent: an environmental stimulus that triggers an action
• Behaviour: any observable action by an organism
• Consequence: something that makes a behaviour more or less likely to occur again
• Reinforcement: a stimulus from the environment that increases the likelihood of a response occurring in the future
• Positive reinforcement: when a behaviour is followed by adding a desirable stimulus, increasing the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again
• Negative reinforcement: when a behaviour is followed by the removal of an undesirable stimulus, increasing the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again
• Punishment: a stimulus from the environment that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again
• Positive punishment: when a behaviour is followed by adding an undesirable stimulus, decreasing the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again
• Negative punishment: when a behaviour is followed by the removal of a desirable stimulus, decreasing the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again
• Learner : the individual who observes, remembers and initiates the action of the model
• Model: the live, pre-recorded or symbolic person being observed
• Observational learning: a type of social learning that occurs when a learner observes a models actions and their consequences to guide their future actions
• Social-cognitive approach: when individuals process, remember and learn information in social contexts to explain and predict their behaviour and that of others
• Attention: the first step in observational learning, when the learner actively watches the models behaviour and the consequences
• Retention: the second step in observational learning, when the learner stores (retains) a mental representation of the models behaviour
• Reproduction: the third step in observational learning, when the learners physical and mental capabilities enable them to perform the models behaviour
• Motivation: in observational learning, the learners desire to perform the models behaviour
• Reinforcement: receiving a reward or desirable factor that increases the likelihood that the learner will reproduce the behaviour in future
• Indigenous: first australians and first peoples of any country
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: the australian indigenous population, which includes aboriginal people, Torres Strait islander people and people who have both aboriginal and Torres Strait islander heritage; the term aboriginal and Torres Strait islander encompasses all three
• Community: a group of people who live in the same location or who share an interest or characteristic in common, and who interact or have the potential to interact
• Ways of knowing: methods through which knowledge becomes apparent to us
• Connection to country: indigenous ways of knowing are known to be rooted with deep respect for the ecology and the importance of the connected relationship with the land
• Narrative: a story in which in a cultural context may be delivered in a variety of ways including performance, song and dance