Disease and infection

• What is a communicable disease?


  A communicable disease is an illness that can be transmitted from one person to another or from animals to humans through various means.
• What is a non-communicable disease?

  A non-communicable disease is a medical condition or disorder that cannot be transmitted from person to person and is often related to lifestyle factors or genetic predispositions.
• Two examples of communicable diseases

  Influenza Tuberculosis
• Two examples of non communicable diseases

  Diabetes Hypertension
• How do pathogens cause disease?

  Bacteria reproduce rapidly by binary fission. They may produce toxins that damage tissues and cause illness .Viruses take over host cells, leading to cell damage and disease progression.
• List 5 ways to be more hygienic to prevent pathogen spread.


  • Wash hands frequently with soap and water.
  • Cover mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing.
  • Avoid touching eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.
  • Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces.
  • Practice respiratory hygiene, such as using tissues or elbows when coughing.
• List three other methods for preventing pathogen spread.

  • Quarantine measures for infected individuals.
  • Proper food handling and cooking to avoid foodborne pathogens.
  • Using personal protective equipment like masks and gloves in healthcare settings.
• Name three ways that pathogens spread.

  • direct contact (touching an infected person)
  • droplet transmission (coughing)
  • contaminated objects or surfaces (sharing utensils)
• What is this ?

  Protist

  
• What is this?


  Bacteria

  
• What is this


  Virus

  
• Explain how your skin prevents microorganisms from entering your body.


  The skin acts as a physical barrier, with its outer layer (epidermis) providing protection against pathogens' entry.
• Explain how the respiratory system reduces the entry of microorganisms.


  The respiratory system has mechanisms like mucus production and cilia that trap and remove pathogens, preventing them from reaching the lungs.
• What type of disease is Gonorrhoea?


  Gonorrhoea is a communicable disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
• What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?


  Symptoms of gonorrhoea include painful urination, abnormal genital discharge (which may be green, yellow, or white), and in some cases, pelvic pain or fever. However, some individuals may not experience noticeable symptoms.
• How is Gonorrhoea spread?


  Gonorrhoea is primarily spread through unprotected sexual contact with an infected person, including vaginal, oral, or anal sex.
• What can we do about Gonorrhoea?


  Gonorrhoea can be treated with antibiotics. It's essential to seek medical attention if you suspect you have been exposed or are experiencing symptoms. Preventing gonorrhoea involves practicing safe sex by using condoms consistently and correctly during sexual activity. Regular testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is also recommended for early detection and treatment.
• What type of disease is Measles?


  Measles is a communicable disease caused by a virus
• What are the symptoms of Measles?

  Symptoms of measles include high fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes (conjunctivitis), and a characteristic red, blotchy rash that starts on the face and spreads to the body.
• How is Measles spread?


  Measles is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, or simply talking. It can also spread by touching a surface contaminated with the virus.
• What can we do about Measles?


  Measles can be prevented by vaccination with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Vaccination not only protects individuals but also contributes to herd immunity, reducing the overall spread of the disease.
• What type of disease is Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)?


  Tobacco Mosaic Virus is a communicable disease that affects plants, particularly tobacco plants
• What are the symptoms of Tobacco Mosaic Virus in plants?


  Symptoms in plants include mosaic-like patterns of light and dark green on leaves, stunted growth, leaf distortion, and yellowing of leaves.
• How is Tobacco Mosaic Virus spread among plants?


  Tobacco Mosaic Virus is spread among plants through direct contact, such as when infected plants come into contact with healthy plants or through mechanical transmission via contaminated tools or hands.
• What can be done to manage Tobacco Mosaic Virus in plants?


  Managing TMV involves practices like removing and destroying infected plants, using virus-free seed stock, practicing good hygiene to prevent mechanical transmission, and employing resistant plant varieties where available.
• What type of disease is HIV?


  HIV is a communicable disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, which attacks the immune system
• What are the symptoms of HIV?


  symptoms of HIV infection may include flu-like symptoms such as fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue. However, HIV can progress to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) if left untreated, leading to severe immune system damage
• How is HIV spread?


  HIV is primarily spread through unprotected sexual contact, sharing contaminated needles or syringes, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.
• What can we do about HIV?

  HIV can be managed with antiretroviral therapy (ART), which helps suppress the virus and allows individuals to live longer, healthier lives. Prevention measures include practicing safe sex, using clean needles for injections, and providing antiretroviral treatment to pregnant women to prevent mother-to-child transmission during childbirth and breastfeeding. HIV education, testing, and support services are also crucial in preventing and managing the disease.
• What type of disease is Salmonella?


  Salmonella infection is a communicable disease caused by Bacteria
• What are the symptoms of Salmonella infection?


  Symptoms of Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting. The symptoms usually appear within 6 to 72 hours after infection.
• How is Salmonella spread?


  Salmonella is typically spread through the consumption of contaminated food, such as undercooked poultry, eggs, meat, or unpasteurized dairy products. It can also be spread through contact with infected animals or their environment.
• What can we do about Salmonella?


  Prevention measures for Salmonella include cooking food thoroughly, especially meat and eggs, practicing good hygiene in food preparation, avoiding cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods, and ensuring proper sanitation in food handling environments.
• What type of disease is Malaria?


  Malaria is a communicable disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bite of infected female mosquitoes.
• What are the symptoms of Malaria?


  Symptoms of malaria include fever, chills, sweating, muscle aches, fatigue, and sometimes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. In severe cases, it can lead to organ failure and death.
• How is Malaria spread?


  Malaria is primarily spread through the bite of infected mosquitoes. When a mosquito bites an infected person, it ingests Plasmodium parasites, which then multiply within the mosquito and can be transmitted to other individuals through bites.
• What can we do about Malaria?


  Prevention and control measures for malaria include using insect repellents, sleeping under mosquito nets, taking antimalarial medications for prevention (chemoprophylaxis), draining stagnant water where mosquitoes breed, and indoor residual spraying to kill mosquitoes.
• What type of disease is Rose Black Spot?


  Rose Black Spot is a non-communicable plant disease caused by a fungus
• What are the symptoms of Rose Black Spot in roses?


  Symptoms of Rose Black Spot include black or purple spots on rose leaves, which gradually enlarge and cause yellowing (chlorosis) and premature dropping of leaves
• How is Rose Black Spot spread among roses?


  Rose Black Spot is spread through spores released from infected plants. It can also be spread through splashing water, wind, or contaminated gardening tools.