Geography paper 1

• Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks, soils, and minerals through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, waters, and biological organisms.
• what are the 3 atmospheric circulation cells?

  Hadley ,polar, ferrel
• what are trade winds?

  surface winds that blow towards the equator
• what are westerlies?


  surface winds that blow towards the pole
• what are deep ocean currents caused

  differences in water density
• what are surface currents caused by?

  by wind
• what does a low pressure belt cause?

  High rainfall
• what does a high pressure belt cause?

  low rainfall
• what are glacial periods?

  Ice ages
• what are interglacial periods?

  warm periods
• what is the greenhouse effect?

  greeenhouse gases absorb heat that has been reflected off the earth and radiates heat back to earth
• what are natural causes of climate change?


  aesteroid collisions,solar output variation,volcanic activity,orbital changes
• name all fossil fuels

  coal petrol natural gas and oil
• how can farming create greenhouse gases

  rice paddies produce methane which is a greenhouse gas
• how does transport create greenhouse gases?

  most cars run on fossil fuels which create greenhouse gases
• how does energy cause greenhouse gases

  when fossil fuels are burned carbon dioxide is produced
• evidence that human activity is causing climate change

  Warming oceans, declining arctic ice,global temperature rise,sea level rise,more extreme weather events
• Physical Hazards of Tropical Cyclones

  High winds,Storm surges,Intense rainfall
• impacts of tropical cyclones on people

  • damaged transport can stop aid from arriving
  • food shortages
• impacts of tropical cyclones on environment

  • strong winds can destroy trees
• Vulnerability to Tropical Cyclones


  Geographic/physical vulnerability-Netherlands would be vulnerable because of their low-lying land

  Social vulnerability-Lower-income nations usually have lower quality housing

  Economic vulnerability-Less wealthy countries are more vulnerable because they will have less money to spend on flood defences
• Which of these nations has low-lying land but isn't on a traditional cyclone path?

  The Netherlands
• Reducing the Impacts of Tropical Cyclones

  1. Prediction and weather forecasting
  2. Protection
  3. Planning