Bio paper 1

• 2 types of eukaryotic cells

  Animals and plants
• What contains a cells genetic material?

  nucleus
• Where are proteins made in a cell

  ribosomes
• What do plant cells have that animal cells dont?

  cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole
• Where do chemical reactions take place in a cell?


  cytoplasm
• Role of mitochondria?

  Mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration so it releases energy for the cell.
• What do chloroplasts do?

  carry out the process of photosynthesis which involves using the sun to produce energy to make glucose.
• What is the vacuole?


  a large sac in the middle of the cell which contains cell sap. Helps maintain the structure and shape of cell
• What is the cell wall made up of and why

  cellulose. makes it strong and allows it to maintain shape of cell
• What type of organisms are bacteria?

  prokaryotes
• What contains the DNA in bacteria cells

  plasmids
• Do bacteria cells only have a cell wall?


  No they also have a cell membrane
• What cells are larger? Bacteria or animal

  Animal
• Are bacteria cells multicellular or unicellular

  unicellular
• What is not in a bacteria cell

  Nucleus
• What are the 5 kingdoms of life?

  plants, animals, fungi, protists, bacteria
• What are considered as eukaryotes

  Fungi, plants, protists and animals
• Difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic

  eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
• 3 features of animals?

  Multicellular, reproduce sexually and heterotrophs.
• 2 features of plants?

  Autotrophs and Multicellular
• definition of magnification

  How much times larger the image is than the object
• pathway of light through a microscope

  Light source -> stage -> microscope slide -> object -> objective lens -> body tube -> eyepiece lens -> eye
• mm -> ɥm


  x 1000
• nm -> ɥm


  ÷ 1000
• mm -> nm


  x 1000 (2x)
• ɥm -> m


  ÷ 1000 (2x)
• How large is a bacterial cell?


  1 ɥm
• cm -> ɥm


  x 10 -> x1000
• What are the steps of mitosis and cytokinesis

  - DNA condenses to form chromosomes

  - Chromosomes line up along the centre of the cells

  - Cell fibres pull the 2 arms of each chromosome to opposite sides (poles) of the cell.

  - Cytokinesis- the entire cell divides to form identical daughter cells.
• what are the 3 reasons why new cells are required in multicellular organisms?

  Growth (need more cells as we grow)

  Development (we need new cell types as we develop new tissues)

  Repair ( we need to replace the cells that we lose.
• Steps of the cell cycle

  1. Cellular growth - the cell gets larger and produces more sub-cellular structures, such as mitochondria and ribosomes.

  2. DNA replication - chromosomes duplicate, so that each consists of two arms (copies).

  3. More cell growth.

  4. Mitosis - the DNA divides into two.

  5. Cytokinesis - the cell divides into two.
• are cells created by mitosis genetically different or identical?

  identical
• 2 types of stem cells found in animals

  - Adult stem cells

  - Embryonic stem cells
• 2 key features of stem cells

  - Can divide by mitosis to form more cells

  - can differentiate into specialised cells
• Steps of stem cells in a sperm cell

  1. When a sperm cell fertilises an egg cell they form a single cell called a zygote.

  2. This cell then divides by mitosis to form a ball of cells which we call an embryo

  3. The cells in this embryo are known as embryonic stem cells and can differentiate into any type of cell.
• What can adult stem cells differentiate into?

  different types of blood cells
• what are plant tissues that are always growing and contain stem cells called

  meristems
• What 2 parts of a plant contain meristem tissue


  - Tips of the roots

  - Tips of the shoots
• Explain how a sperm cell is adapted for its role

  - Has lots of mitochondria to provide energy for movement

  - It's streamlined to make swimming easier

  - Has a flagellum (tail) to allow it to swim to reach the egg
• State 2 cells which are adapted to their roles by having a larger surface area

  - Root hair cells

  - Red blood cells