Religious fundamentalism

• What is a key characteristic of religious fundamentalism?

  Appeal to tradition and return to basics
• Why does fundamentalism arise according to the study material?

  When traditional beliefs are threatened by modern society
• What is one key feature of fundamentalism regarding sacred texts?

  Every word of the Bible is true
• How does ALDRIDGE view the interpretation of sacred texts in fundamentalism?

  No text speaks for itself; interpretation is key
• What mentality do fundamentalists often adopt?

  An 'us and them' mentality
• According to DAVIE, what do fundamentalists seek against social chaos?

  Establish certainty
• What type of reaction do fundamentalists typically have?

  Aggressive reaction to threats against beliefs
• How do fundamentalists use modern technology?

  To achieve their aims despite opposing modern culture
• What does HAWLEY say about patriarchy in fundamentalism?

  It favors control over women's roles
• What do fundamentalists proclaim regarding biblical prophecies?

  They proclaim relevance to contemporary events
• What are fundamentalists attracted to?

  Conspiracy theories
• According to DAVIE, when does fundamentalism occur?

  When traditional beliefs are threatened by modernity
• How does GIDDENS view fundamentalism in relation to globalization?

  As a product and reaction to globalization
• What does cosmopolitanism embrace according to GIDDENS?

  Modernity and tolerance of other views
• What does cosmopolitanism require instead of sacred texts?

  Rational arguments and evidence
• What does BAUMAN say about fundamentalism in postmodern society?

  It is a response to the uncertainties of postmodernity
• What are CASTELLS' two responses to postmodernity?

  Resistance identity and project identity
• What does BECKFORD criticize about the distinctions made by GIDDENS, BAUMAN, and CASTELLS?

  They ignore hybrid movements and other developments
• What does HAYNES suggest about Islamic fundamentalism?

  It shouldn't be seen solely as a reaction to globalization
• What does BRUCE identify as the main cause of fundamentalism?

  Perception of threats from the globalizing world
• Why does BRUCE believe fundamentalism is confined to monotheistic religions?

  They have a single authoritative sacred text
• What distinguishes different fundamentalist movements according to BRUCE?

  Origins may differ based on societal changes
• How do fundamentalist movements in the West differ from those in the Third World?

  West reacts to internal changes; Third World to external changes
• What does DAVIE say about secular forms of fundamentalism?

  They have emerged due to changes in modern society
• What are the two phases of modernity according to DAVIE?

  Religious fundamentalism and secular fundamentalism
• What does ANSELL suggest about cultural racism?

  It uses liberal language for social integration
• What does HERVIEU-LÉGER say about fundamentalism in late modern societies?

  It is a form of 'recreated memories'
• What does HUNTINGTON argue about religion and global conflicts?

  Religion is central to many global conflicts
• What does HUNTINGTON say about the 'clash of civilizations'?

  It is intensified by the collapse of communism
• What does HUNTINGTON believe about religious differences?

  They create hostile 'us and them' relationships
• What does HUNTINGTON suggest about history?

  It is a struggle of 'progress against barbarism'
• What does JACKSON criticize about HUNTINGTON's work?

  It exemplifies orientalism and stereotypes
• What does CASANOVA argue about HUNTINGTON's view of civilizations?

  It ignores important religious divisions within civilizations
• What do HORRIE AND CHIPPINDALE say about the 'clash of civilizations'?

  It is a misleading neo-conservative ideology
• What does ARMSTRONG argue about hostility towards the West?

  It stems from Western foreign policy in the Middle East
• What do INGLEHART AND NORRIS suggest divides the West from Muslims?

  Gender and sexuality issues