Couples

• What does the domestic division of labour refer to?

  The allocation of household tasks between genders
• Who proposed the functionalist view of the division of labour?

  Parsons
• What are the two roles identified by Parsons in a family?

  Instrumental role and expressive role
• How does Parsons view the division of labour in families?

  It is functional for family and society
• What does the New Right perspective argue about family organization?

  It is the best way to organize families
• What is the 'march of progress' view regarding conjugal roles?

  Conjugal roles are becoming more equal
• What are segregated conjugal roles?

  Sharp division of labour between partners
• Who found evidence of segregated conjugal roles in the 1950s?

  Young and Willmott
• What do joint conjugal roles involve?

  Sharing of domestic tasks between partners
• What trend did Young and Willmott identify regarding family roles?

  Movement towards joint conjugal roles
• What major social changes contributed to the rise of the symmetrical family?

  Higher living standards and women working
• What do feminists argue about the 'march of progress' view?

  It overlooks the patriarchal nature of families
• Who found no evidence of symmetry in domestic labour?

  Oakley
• What does Boulton argue is important to consider in domestic tasks?

  Who is responsible for the tasks
• What percentage of fathers took main responsibility for caring for a sick child according to Dex and Ward?

  1%
• What term describes fathers who are less involved in childcare?

  Background fathers
• What is the triple shift as described by Duncombe and Marsden?

  Emotion work, domestic labour, and paid work
• What does the British Social Attitudes survey indicate about women's domestic work?

  Women do twice as much domestic work
• What is the main argument of the feminist view regarding paid work?

  It does not lead to gender equality
• What is the significance of the term 'quality time' in family dynamics?

  Women manage the family's quality time
• How has late modernity affected family time management?

  Time is more fragmented and de-routinised
• What does the 'dual burden' refer to in the context of women's work?

  Paid work and domestic responsibilities
• What does the term 'segregated conjugal roles' imply?

  Sharp division of labour between genders
• What is the role of men in the 'provider ideology'?

  To be the breadwinner, not the primary carer
• What does the evidence from Kempson (1994) suggest about women in low-income families?

  They deny their own needs to make ends meet
• What are the two types of control over family income identified by Pahl and Vogler?

  Allowance system and pooling
• What has increased in recent years regarding family income management?

  Pooling of resources
• What does Vogler (1994) find about decision-making in families?

  Men still make major decisions
• What does pooling money in a family not guarantee?

  Equality in decision-making
• What is the allowance system in family finances?

  Men give non-working wives an allowance.
• What is pooling in family finances?

  Partners have joint responsibility for spending.
• What trend has been observed in pooling in recent years?

  There has been a big increase in pooling.
• What did Vogler (1994) find about decision-making in families?

  Men still tend to make major decisions.
• What are the cultural or ideological explanations for the gender division of labor?

  • Patriarchal cultural norms shape gender roles.
  • Women perform more domestic labor due to societal expectations.
• What conclusion can be drawn about gender role socialization from the findings on domestic labor?

  It may lead to more equal relationships.
• What evidence supports the idea that attitudes towards domestic labor are changing?

  • Gershuny (1994): Couples adapt to women working.
  • Kan (2008): Younger men do more domestic work.
  • British Social Attitudes (2013): Long-term change in attitudes.
• What is Joice Crompton's view on women's earnings and labor division?

  Women earn less, no sign of equality.
• What is the material or economic explanation for the gender division of labor?

  • Women earn less, so they do more domestic labor.
  • Men spend more time earning money.
• What evidence suggests that equal earnings lead to equal domestic work?

  If women earn as much, they do equal work.
• What findings did Arber and Ginn (1995) present regarding paid women?

  • Better-paid women can buy services.
  • They do less domestic work themselves.