biology, topic 1

• the cell wall is made up of polysaccharides
• Mitochondria makes what?


  ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
• What does the mitochondria use to make ATP?


  Glucose and Oxygen
• Prokaryote


  A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

  
• Eukaryote

  A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

  
• Cell theory states

  All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells
• microscope


  device that produces magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye

  
• Cytoplasm


  A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

  
• Organelle


  A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

  
• Nucleus


  A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

  
• nuclear envelope


  layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

  
• Nucleolus

  Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

  
• Chromatin


  Stringlike material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins

  
• Vacoules

  Temporary storage compartments in cells,sometimes used to store waste.

  
• Lysosome


  cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

  
• Cytoskeleton


  A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

  
• Centrioles


  a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

  
• Ribosomes

  site of protein synthesis

  
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)


  A membrane-enclosed cellular organelle with ribosomes attached to its outer surface; a site of synthesis for proteins destined to be inserted into membrane or to be enclosed by membrane.

  
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

  An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.

  
• Golgi apparatus


  A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

  
• Chloroplast


  An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

  
• Mitochondria


  Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

  
• cell wall


  A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

  
• cell membrane


  thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

  
• Plant Cell

  contains a cell wall, chloroplast and large vacuole

  
• animal cell

  does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small vacuole
• Parts of the cell membrane

  phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, carbohydrates

  
• Phospholipids


  A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

  
• Cholesterol


  A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.

  
• Cell membrane Proteins


  Help move molecules through the cell membrane and take part in biological reactions

  
• Cell Membrane Carbohydrates


  attach to proteins in membrane to serve as identification tags so cells can distinguish one type of cell from another.
• selectively permeable


  a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot
• The phosphate "head" of a phospholipid is

  both hydrophilic and polar (Wants to be next to water)
• The fatty acid tail of a phospholipid

  hydrophobic (Wants to avoid water)
• How are phospholipids arranged in the cell membrane?

  In a bilayer with the phosphates heads pointing towards the water inside/outside the cell and the fatty acid tails pointing into the center of the membrane.

  
• fluid moasic model


  a plasma membrane with components constantly in motion, sliding past one another within the lipid bilayer

  
• Diffusion


  the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

  
• Osmosis


  Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

  
• isotonic solution


  A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution