photosynthesis, chloroplasts

• photosynthesis is the process of capturing energy from light sources and use it to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose.
• photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplast.
• features of a chloroplast are- thylakoid disk, stroma, granum, ribosomes.
• the two stages of photosynthesis are the light dependant (occurs in the thylakoid discs) and the light independent stage (occurs in the stroma)
• the imputs of light dependant stage are H20, NADP+, ADP+Pi, and the outputs are O2, NADPH, ATP
• the inputs of light independent stage are CO2, NADPH, ATP, and the outputs are H20, NADP+, ADP+Pi
• an extraneous variable or an uncontrolled variable is any variable other than the independent variable, which may affect the dependent variable.
• quantitative - measured and represented numerically.
• qualitative - not measurable but can be described using words.
• random errors are caused by uncontrolled extraneous variables, which are unpredictable.
• systematic errors are caused by faulty equipment.
• isotonic solutions are solutions with the same concentration of solutes as the cell.
• hypotonic solutions are solutions with a lower solute concentration than the cell.
• hypertonic solutions are solutions with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell.
• the plasma membrane of a cell is mostly made of lipids and phospholipids.
• hydrophilic means attached to water.
• hydrophobic means repelled to water.
• a hydrophilic head is attracted to water, while a hydrophobic tail is repelled to water.
• diffusion is the net movement of particles or substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
• simple diffusion is the diffusion of solutes across the plasma membrane.
• facilitated diffusion is the passive movement of molecules across the membrane via specific integral proteins.
• small, polar or charged molecules are able to diffuse through specific proteins called channel proteins.
• active transport is the active (using energy) movement of molecules against their concentration gradient across a membrane via specific integral proteins.
• exocytosis is the bulk transport of molecules out of a cell.
• endocytosis is the bulk transport into a cell from the extracellular fluid.
• membrane-bound organelles are structures within a cell that are enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer.
• osmosis is the movement of water across a cell membrane from a region of low concentration of solutes to a high concentration of solutes.