envisci

• Environment


  Circumstances & conditions that surround an organism
• Ecology


  Study of distribution & abundance of life
• Ecology

  • Coined by Ernst Haeckel
  • Relationship of the organism to the environment
• Organism


  Lowest level of organization, Unicellular & multicellular
• Population


  Group of individuals of a single species
• Community


  Populations that interact & inhabit a common environment
• Ecosystem


  Set of all living things & abiotic
• Biosphere


  Highest level, Global ecological system, consist of all living things
• Biomes


  Large geographical region that has a particular climax community
• Habitat


  Where organism lives
• Niche


  Position of an organism in the ecosystem
• Succession


  Progressive change in a plant & animal life
• Tundra


  • Located near polar region, Treeless plain
• Deserts


  • Arid condition, Located in both northern & southern hemisphere
• Taiga (Boreal Forest)


  • Below tundra, Coniferous forest
• Tropical rain forest


  • Near equator, Richest biomed, Climate is always warm, Philippines forest
• Temperate deciduous forest


  • Located south taiga in eastern north America, Moderate climate & relative high rainfall
• Grassland (Savanna)


  • Perfect agriculture, Dominated by grass
• Marine biome


  • Most diverse of the ecosystemMarine algae - supplies oxygen, Oceanography - study of marine Habitats
• Pelagic division

  • Neritic Province - above continental shelf
  • Oceanic province- - above high tide mark
• Neritic Province- above continental shelf


  • Supratidal - above high tide mark
  • Intertidal - a. between high & low tide & Connects ocean to land
  • Subtidal - below low tide
• Oceanic province

  • Euphotic - upper part of the ocean
  • Bathyal - lowest part
  • Abyssal zone - deepest & coldest part of the ocean
  • Hadal
• Benthic Division -depths of the sea

  • Continental shelf - floor of the neritic Province
  • Continental slope - drop of the ocean floor
  • Abyssal plain - ocean floor
• Coral reefs


  Barriers along continents
• Estuary


  Bodies of water flowing in one direction
• Limnology


  Study of freshwater
• Lotic- fresh water flows one direction


  a. Rapid zone - shallow water, provides firm substrate

  b. Pool zone - deeper water, provides soft substrate
• Lentic -isolated from the other sources

  a. Littoral zone - topmost zone near the shore

  b. Limnetic zone - near surface open water

  c. Profundal zone - Deep part of the lake
• Climate


  Long term pattern of weather
• Climate zones

  • Tropical zone -hot climate & strong monsoonal weather
  • Temperate zone - 1. Desserts & tropical rainforest
  • Polar zone - winter
• Factors affecting global climate

  • Distance of nearest body of water
  • Land formation & mountain changes
  • Altitude
• Population ecology


  Study of distribution
• Population


  Numbers of individuals of a particular species given area
• Demographics


  Vital statistics of population
• Methods to determine population density and numbers

  • Simple count
  • Mark recapture Technique
  • Census Technique - transect method
• Population Density


  Number of individuals per unit
• Patterns of Dispersion

  • Random (patchy distribution) - no special force acting on the spatial distribution
  • Uniform(territorial) - species are equally spaced apart
  • Clumped - (Random distribution) - results from the restricted availability of suitable habitat
• Population Age structure

  • Pre-reproductive
  • Reproductive
  • Post reproductive
• Factors affecting population age profile

  • Natality
  • Mortality
  • Immigration
  • Emigration
• Growth Pattern


  • Organisms that reproduce only once
  • Organisms that reproduce throughout their lifetime