LAS 2

• Venn diagram


  Used to show the similarities and differences between or among ideas. There is an intersecting portion of circles in this diagram wherein the similarities between or among ideas are shown.
• Cause and effect stories or essays should clearly present a logical relationship between the cause and effect.
• To identify a problem in writing a problem-solution essay, there should be proper accounting of facts and history of the event.
• A problem is a concern brought about by an event or a consequence of a decision or action.
• In persuading others, you must make them feel that they are part of the concern and their participation is necessary to implement change.
• Words/phrases used in persuading others


  • Some believe
  • Some may say
  • Admittedly
  • Certainly
  • of course
  • truly
  • undoubtedly
• A writing pattern is a specific way of organizing ideas to convey a certain type of argument. Writing patterns are also sometimes referred to as patterns of organization, rhetorical modes, or rhetorical styles.
• Patterns of Written Texts

  • Comparison and Contrast
  • Cause and Effect
  • Problem-Solution
  • Persuasion
• To compare means to give the similarities of two or more ideas or objects, while to contrast means to cite their differences.
• One way to illustrate comparing and contrasting is by using the Venn diagram
• Venn Diagram was developed by English philosopher and logician John Venn (1834-1923)
• Venn intended to represent categorical propositions and test the validity of categorical syllogisms using two to three intersecting circles. The intersecting portion of the circles show the similarities between or among ideas, while the remaining portions of the circle (those that do not intersect) are for the differences
• Comparison Transition Words

  • alike
  • as
  • as well
  • equally
  • in similar fashion
  • in a similar way
  • in like manner
  • just as
  • just like
  • likewise
  • resemble
  • same
• Transition words for contrast

  • although
  • as opposed to
  • By contrast
  • conversely
  • despite
  • different
  • even though
  • in contrast
  • in spite of
  • Instead
  • on the contrary/other hand
• Structure of Comparison and Contrast

  • Point by point method - Similarities for a category are immediately contrasted in the next paragraph
  • Block Method - enumerates all the similarities in one paragraph and summarizes all the differences in the next
• Cause tells us the origin of a phenomenon, disaster, or event, while the effect is the outcome or consequence of an action
• the effect should be a natural outcome of the cause
• an essay may have a single cause and multiple effects or multiple causes leading to a single effect.
• Cause and Effect Transition Words:

  • accordingly
  • as a result
  • because of
  • consequently
  • due to
  • for that reason
  • hence|
  • if … then,
  • leads to
• solution refers to the measures or steps that will be taken to solve the issue.
• solution should be e feasible, affordable, and implementable
• The ability of the commercial to appeal to the emotions without arguing is known as persuasion