Phobias

• Phobia


  A fear that has a significant impact on a person's everyday life
• The extent of the fears is out of proportion to the actual danger
• Phobia


  • Characteristic 1: Panic-Phobic persons experience panic in response to their phobic stimulus
  • Characteristic 2: Avoidance-We tend to go out of our way to avoid coming into contact with a phobic stimulus
  • Characteristic 3: Endurance-The sufferer remains in the presence of the phobic stimulus, but continues to perceive it as threatening. This may be unavoidable e.g. when flying
• Anxiety


  An unpleasant state of high arousal. This prevents the sufferer relaxing and breaking is difficult to experienced positive emotion.
• Captive The wyplek
• This saved with the ways
• Irrational responses are common to aphobic and include persistent fear and go beyond what is reasonable
• Even though the few rakst
• DSM-diagnostic Statistical manual is used to diagnose phobias
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• Oude the boundaries of phobe 3 mark
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• Ow the cave sets of phobin
• The Behavioural Approach to Explaining Phobias

  • nurture
  • classical conditioning
  • Operant conditioning
  • consequence
  • born tabula rasa
  • believe humans and animals learn the same
• The Behavioural Approach to Explaining Phobias-A01

  • The two-process model
  • Phobias are seen as learned behaviour
  • Hobart Mowrer (1960) proposed the two-process model
  • Phobias are acquired by classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning
• Phobia Acquisition-Classical Conditioning


  Involves learning to associate something which we initially have no fear with something that already triggers a fear
• Watson & Rayner (1920)

  • Conditioned a baby boy known as Little Albert to fear white rats
  • Created a phobia
• For several weeks, Albert played happily with a white rat showing no fear. One day, while he was playing with the rat, the experimenters struck a steel bar with a hammer close to Albert's head. Albert was very frightened by the noise. This was repeated each time he reached for the rat. Albert then developed an intense fear of white rats.