PAPER 2 WHOLE

• What is the rate of reaction?

  How quickly a reaction happens
• How is the rate of reaction calculated?

  Change in quantity divided by time
• What can be measured to determine the rate of reaction?

  Mass of reactant used or product formed
• What does increased turbidity indicate in a reaction?

  The solution becomes cloudy as products form
• What happens to the time taken for a reaction at higher temperatures?

  It takes less time for the reaction
• How is the volume of gas produced measured in a reaction?

  Using a gas syringe connected to the reaction vessel
• What does a graph of gas volume against time typically look like?

  A curve that starts steep and levels out
• How do you find the rate at any time on a graph?

  Draw a tangent at that point
• What effect does increasing the concentration of reactants have?

  It increases the rate of reaction
• Why does increasing temperature increase the rate of reaction?

  Particles move faster and collide more often
• What is the role of a catalyst in a reaction?

  It reduces the activation energy needed
• What is a reversible reaction?

  Products can return to original reactants
• What happens in a closed system at equilibrium?

  Rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal
• What does Le Chatelier's principle state?

  Systems adjust to counteract changes
• What happens if pressure is increased in a reaction with more moles on the left?

  It favors the forward reaction
• How does temperature affect endothermic and exothermic reactions?

  Higher temperature favors endothermic reactions
• What do all alkane names end with?

  -ane
• What is crude oil primarily composed of?

  Hydrocarbons
• What is fractional distillation used for?

  To separate different length alkanes
• Why do longer alkanes have higher boiling points?

  Stronger intermolecular forces require more energy
• What is LPG?

  Liquid petroleum gas
• What is produced during complete combustion of alkanes?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• What is viscosity?

  Thickness or resistance to flow
• What is the difference between alkenes and alkanes?

  Alkenes have a carbon-carbon double bond
• How can you test for an alkene?

  Add bromine water and observe color change
• What happens when an alkene reacts with bromine water?

  It turns colorless as bromine bonds
• What is produced when an alcohol is oxidized?

  A carboxylic acid
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

  -COOH
• What is polymerization?

  Joining monomers to form polymers
• What is addition polymerization?

  Joining monomers with double bonds
• What is condensation polymerization?

  Joining monomers with two functional groups
• What are amino acids?

  Building blocks of proteins
• What is DNA?

  A molecule that stores genetic code
• What is a formulation?

  A mixture designed for a specific purpose
• How can purity be tested?

  By measuring melting or boiling points
• What indicates a pure substance in terms of melting point?

  Specific melting point temperature
• What is the significance of boiling point in chemical analysis?

  It helps determine substance purity
• What is activation energy?

  The minimum energy needed for a reaction
• What distinguishes endothermic reactions from exothermic reactions?

  Endothermic absorbs heat; exothermic releases heat
• What is the role of zeolite in catalytic cracking?

  It acts as a catalyst to speed up reactions