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Physics
Paper 2
Topic 10 ~ Electricity and Circuits
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Cecilia Carroll
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Cards (28)
Subatomic Particle
Proton
Neutron
Electron
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Proton
Relative
Mass
: 1, Relative
Charge
: +1
View source
Neutron
Relative
Mass
: 1, Relative
Charge
: 0
View source
Electron
Relative Mass: 0 (
0.0005
), Relative Charge:
-1
View source
Series Circuits
Closed
circuit
The current is the
same
everywhere
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Parallel Circuits
Branched
circuit
Current
splits
into multiple paths
Total current
into a junction =
total current
in each of the branches
Voltage
is the same across each "branch"
View source
Potential Difference
Measured in
Volts
Energy
transferred per unit
charge
, Joule per Coulomb
Measured across
two
points, as it is the amount of
energy
per unit charge to move from one point to the next
Measured with a
voltmeter
, placed in
parallel
across a component
There can be a voltage across a component, in a
closed
or
open
circuit
When it is in a
closed
circuit, and there is a
potential difference
(voltage), current will always flow
View source
Current
Measured in
amps
Rate of flow of
charge
(the flow of
electrons
in the wires)
Measured at any
single
point on the circuit
Measured with
ammeter
which is placed in
series
View source
Resistance
Greater
resistance
, the
harder
it is for charge to flow through the component, therefore the current is smaller
Variable resistor changes the amount of
resistance
of the component, changing the amount of
current
that flows in the circuit
View source
Series Circuits
Components are connected
end
to
end
All the
current
flows through all the
components
Can only switch them all off at
once
PD (potential difference) is
shared
across the whole circuit
PD of power supply =
sum
of PD across each component
Current is the
same
through all parts of the circuit
Current at one point =
current
at any
other
point
Total
Resistance is the sum of the resistance in each component R1 +
R2
= R
View source
Parallel Circuits
Components are connected
separately
to the power supply
Current flows through each one
separately
You can switch each component off
individually
PD is the
same
across all
branches
PD of power supply = PD of each
branch
Current is
shared
between each of the branches
Current through source = sum of
current
through each branch
Total resistance is
less
than the branch with the
smallest
resistance
View source
Resistance changes with
Current
Temperature
Length
Cross Sectional Area
Light
Voltage
View source
As current
increases
, electrons (charge) has more
energy
View source
When electrons flow through a resistor, they
collide
with the
ions
in the resistor
View source
The current here is doing work
against
the
resistance
View source
This
transfers energy
to the ions, causing them to
vibrate
more (heating resistor)
View source
This makes it more
difficult
for electrons to flow through the resistor, so resistance increases, and current
decreases
View source
Thermistor
Hotter temperatures, resistance is
lower
View source
LDR
(
Light Dependent Resistor
)
Greater
the intensity of light, the
lower
the resistance
View source
Diode
Allows
current
to flow freely in one direction, in the opposite direction it has a very high resistance, so no
current
can flow
View source
Efficiency –
low
resistance wires means
less
energy loss as current flows through the circuit
View source
Testing
Relationships
1. Make sure component(s) do not
overheat
, leave to
cooldown
between each reading
2.
Repeats
and take
average
3.
Varied wire resistance
4.
Filament Lamps
5.
Diodes
6.
LDR
7.
Thermistor
View source
AC
(
Alternating Current
)
Current
continuously
varies, from positive to negative (charge changes
direction
)
View source
DC (
Direct Current
)
Movement
of charge in
one
direction only
View source
In the UK, mains supply is at
50Hz
and
230V
View source
Plug
Live wire
(brown, carries voltage from mains to appliance)
Neutral
Wire (blue, completes the circuit)
Earth
wire (green and yellow stripes, safety wire used to stop the appliance becoming live)
View source
Fuse
Connected to the
live wire
, if a large current passes through live wire, fuse
heats
up and melts, breaking the circuit – preventing a fire or damage
View source
Power
Rating
The
power
of the appliance when in use, greater power rating means greater energy consumption per
second
View source
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