CHAPTER 2 (paper 1)

• isotonic contractions


  muscles contract and they change length whilst they're under tension

  • concentric: muscles are shortening under tension and joint angle decreases
  • eccentric: muscles are lengthening under tension and joint angle increases
• isometric contraction


  muscles contract and do not change length whilst they're under tension
• examples of isometric contractions: crucifix, plank
• examples of concentric contractions: upward phase of squats and press ups
• examples of eccentric contractions: downward phase of squats and press ups
• planes and axis:

  A) frontal

  B) transverse

  C) sagittal

  D) transverse

  E) longitudinal

  F) sagittal

  
• frontal plane

  abduction and adduction

  • star jumps
• transverse plane

  rotation

  • cricket shot
• sagittal plane

  flexion and extension

  • bicep curl
• saggital axis

  cartwheel
• longitudinal axis

  change in direction, twist jumps
• transverse axis

  somersault
• muscles at the shoulder: deltiod, rotator cuff
• muscles at the elbow: bicep, tricep
• muscles at the hip: hip flexor, gluteals
• muscles at the knee: quadriceps, hamstrings
• muscles at the ankle: gastrocnemius, tibalis anterior
• how are muscles attached to bones?

  tendons
• how are bones attached to each other?

  ligaments
• 1st class lever

  elbow extension

  • load: bodyweight through the hands
  • fulcrum: elbow
  • effort: tricep

  nodding head

  • load: weight of the head through the chin
  • fulcrum: the joint of the top of the neck
  • effort: mucles at the bottom of the neck
• 2nd class lever

  calf raise

  • fulcrum: balls of feet
  • load: weight of the body through the centre of the feet
  • effort: gastrocnemius
• 3rd class lever


  anything that is not: calf raise, nodding head, elbow extension