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• Theories of Learning


  • Behaviorism/ Behavioral Theory
  • Cognitivism/ Cognitive Theory
  • Social Learning Theory
• Other Related Learning Theories

  • Social Constructivism
  • Multiple Intelligences
  • Humanistic Theory
• Behavioural Theories


  • Observable behaviour
  • Stimulus-response connections
• Major Theorists (Behavioural Theories)

  • Thorndike
  • Pavlov
  • Watson
  • Skinner
• Principles (Behavioural Theories)


  • Time/place pairings
  • Biological basis of behaviour
  • Consequences
  • Modelling
• Learning (Behavioural Theories)


  Result of environmental forces
• Subcategories (Behavioural Theories)


  • Respondent (Classical)
  • Operant (Instrumental)
  • Contiguity
• Behaviorism


  • Focuses solely on observable behaviors
  • Biological basis for learning
• Learning (Behaviorism)


  • Outward expression of new behaviors
  • Context-independent
• Classical & Operant Conditioning

  • Reflexes (Pavlov's Dogs)
  • Feedback/Reinforcement (Skinner's Pigeon Box)
• Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)


  Stimulus is presented in order to get a response
• Operant Conditioning (Skinner)


  Response is made first, then reinforcement follows
• Other behavioral applications


  • Modelling
  • Shaping
  • Cueing
• Cognitivism


  • Grew in response to Behaviorism
  • Knowledge is stored cognitively as symbols
  • Focused on the mental processes that facilitate symbol connection
• Learning (Cognitivism)


  Process of connecting symbols in a meaningful & memorable way
• Discovery Learning (Jerome Bruner)


  • Anybody can learn anything at any age
  • Human mind gains inputs through the senses, processes them through cognitive abilities
• 3 Stages of Discovery Learning

  • Enactive Stage (0-18 months)
  • Iconic Stage (18 months-6 years)
  • Symbolic Stage (6 years onwards)
• Enactive Stage


  Learn through movement or action
• Iconic Stage


  Learn through images or icons
• Symbolic Stage


  Learn through abstract symbols
• Powerful Concepts (Discovery Learning)


  • Transfer to many different situations
  • Only possible through Discovery Learning
  • Confront the learner with problems and help them find solutions
• Steps of Guided Discovery Learning

  • Exploration
  • Invention
  • Discovery
• Exploration


  Teacher presents divergent questions
• Invention


  Students find the meaning and structure of ideas
• Discovery


  Child applies what he learned in exploration
• Intentional vs Incidental Learning

  • Intentional Learning
  • Incidental Learning
• Intentional Learning


  Purposeful learning (Questioning, Organizing data, Making connections, Reflecting, Adapting)
• Incidental Learning


  Message-focused (Learning from reading or listening, Learning from context, Attention to the stimulus)
• Cognitive Subcategories


  • Information Processing
  • Developmental Theory
  • Hierarchical Theory
  • Critical Thinking
• Information Processing


  • Structure and function of mental processing
• Developmental Theory


  • Stages in cognitive development
• Piaget's 4 Cognitive Development Stages

  • Sensorimotor stage (Infancy – birth to 2 y/o)
  • Pre-operational stage (Toddler and Early Childhood – 2-7 y/o)
  • Concrete operational stage (Elementary and Early Adolescence – 7 to 11 y/o)
  • Formal operational stage (Adolescence to Adulthood)
• Sensorimotor stage


  Use of the senses
• Pre-operational stage


  Use of symbols, language use matures, memory and imagination
• Concrete operational stage


  Intelligence demonstrated through logical and systematic
• Formal operational stage


  Intelligence demonstrated through the logical use of symbols
• Hierarchical Theory


  • Classification of educational goals and objectives
• 3 Domains of Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning

  • Cognitive (Knowledge)
  • Affective (Attitude)
  • Psychomotor (Skills)
• Cognitive (Knowledge)


  Process information in a meaningful way
• Affective (Attitude)


  Learners' attitudes and feelings