ABDOMINAL

• What are the characteristics of a Simple Cyst?

  Smooth Borders

  Through Transmission (posterior acoustic enhancement)

  Anechoic

  Round or Oval
• What does a Complex Cyst consist of?

  Septations, Debris, Mural nodules, and thick wall
• What is the difference between the terms clinical vs sonographic findings?

  Clinical findings consists of signs and symptoms. Sonographic findings are seen by ultrasound
• What is the difference between clinical signs and symptoms?

  Signs are observed by medical staff and are lab values. Symptoms are experiences that are reported by patient.
• Is elevated WBCS a clinical sign or symptom?

  Sign
• Is headache a clinical sign or symptom?

  Symptom
• Results from cuts, scrapes, crushing injuries, surgical trauma that produce tissue damage, and infection from pathogens.

  Inflammation
• What is the four main symptoms of inflammation?

  Heat, redness, pain and swelling
• Condition that happens over hours/days

  Acute
• Condition that happens over days/months

  Subacute
• Conditions that happens over many months/years

  Chronic
• Body will usually heal itself and can use ant-inflammatory drugs to block body's natural reactions.

  Acute Inflammation
• Resolution is slow, encourages fibrous tissue growth (scar tissue), and is responsible for formation of adhesions 


  Chronic Inflammation
• Space occupying lesion with large fluid content made up of liquid pus, serum and cellular matter. Contains necrotic tissue and fluid. Can also be treated with antibiotics or need to be drained.

  Abscess
• Usually results from trauma with hemorrhage/bleeding.

  Hematoma
• A ___ neoplasm is round, has smooth borders, may display posterior enhancement, well-defined posterior border, and blood flow in periphery.

  benign
• A __ neoplasm has irregular border, my display shadowing, posterior border is not seen well and blood flow is in the center

  malignant
• New or abnormal growth

  Neoplasm
• Serous fluid free in abdominal cavity and is usually reabsorbed by body

  Ascites
• Serious fluid free in thoracic cavity

  Pleural Effusion
• For Ascites, the amount of intraperitoneal fluid depends on...

  location, volume, and patient position
• What factors other than fluid volume affect distribution of intraperitoneal fluid?

  Peritoneal pressure, area from which fluid originates, rapidity of fluid accumulation, and degree of bladder fullness
• Small bowl loops, sinks, or floats in surrounding ascitic fluid, depending on relative _ content and amount of _ in mesentery


  gas; fat
• Fine or coarse internal echoes, matting, or clumping of bowel loops

  Inflammatory Ascites
• What three factors contribute to formation of Hepatorenal Fluid?

  Ascites, fluid from pancreatic autolysis, and inflammatory fluid from acute cholecystitis
• Abdominal fluid collections normally resolve within ... after abdominal surgery

  1 week
• Cavity formed by necrosis within solid tissue or collection of purulent material

  Abscess
• Name three clinical findings of Abscess

  Fever of unknown origin, tenderness, and swelling from postoperative procedure
• What are the 5 pathways for bacteria to enter the liver and cause abscess formation?

  Through portal system, by ascending cholangitis of common bile duct, via hepatic artery, by direct extensions, or by implantation of bacteria after trauma to abdominal wall
• Which pathway for bacteria to enter the liver, causing abscess formation, is the most common cause within the US?

  By way of ascending cholangitis of common bile duct
• For abscess formation, what should you sonographically assess?

  Adjacent bowel patterns and peristalsis
• May appear predominantly fluid-filled with irregular borders, can be complex with debris floating within cystic mass, and may show more solid patter.

  Abscess
• Scattered air reflectors

  Gas containing abscess
• Epiploic foramen usually seal off lesser sac from inflammatory process extrinsic to it

  Lesser Sac Abscess
• What are the differential diagnoses for lesser sac abscess?

  Pseudocyst, pancreatic abscess, and fluid filled stomach
• Inflammation of lining of abdominal cavity

  Peritonitis
• Abscess within capsule of liver and may result from traumatic injury

  Subcapsular Abscess
• Abscess below diaphragm

  Subphrenic Abscess
• What sonographic technique should you do for Subphrenic Abscess?

  Use RLD, use spleen as window, and scan patient upright
• Loculated collections of bile

  Biloma (Bile Abscess)