other

• Anterior scalene


  • Origin - transverse processes of C3-C6
  • Insertion - rib 1
  • Function - acting together, right and left anterior scalene and middle scalene muscles elevate ribs during deep inhalation
• Middle scalene


  • Origin - transverse processes of C2-C7
  • Insertion - rib 1
  • Function - reverse muscle action - flex cervical vertebrae, acting singly, laterally flex and slightly rotate cervical vertebrae
• Posterior scalene


  • Origin - transverse processes of C4-C6
  • Insertion - rib 2
  • Function - acting together, right and left posterior scalenes elevate second ribs during deep inhalation
  • Reverse muscle action - flex cervical vertebrae and acting singly, laterally flex and slightly rotate cervical vertebrae
• Rectus abdominis


  • Insertion - cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process
  • Origin - pubic crest and pubic symphysis
  • Action - flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen to aid defecation, reverse muscle action: flexes pelvis on the vertebral column
• Obliquus externus abdominis


  • Insertion - iliac crest and linea alba
  • Origin - ribs 5-12
  • Function - acting together (bilaterally), compress abdomen and flex vertebral column; acting singly (unilaterally), laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and rotate vertebral column
• Obliquus internus abdominis


  • Insertion - cartilage of ribs 7-10 and linea alba
  • Origin - iliac crest, inguinal ligament and thoracolumbar fascia
  • Function - acting together, compress abdomen and flex vertebral column; acting singly, laterally flex vertebral column and rotate column
• Transversus abdominis


  • Insertion - xiphoid process, linea alba and pubis
  • Origin - iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia and cartilages of ribs 5-10
  • Function - compresses abdomen
• Linea alba


  Flat, tendinous raphe (intersection of muscle tendons) forming a furrow along the midline between the rectus abdominis muscles
• Quadratus lumborum


  • Origin: Iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament
  • Insertion: Inferior border of rib 12 and L1-4
  • Function: Pull 12th ribs inferiorly during exhalation
  • Extension of the lumbar portion of vertebral column
  • Reverse muscle action: elevates hip bone
• Psoas major


  • Origin: Transverse process and bodies of lumbar vertebrae
  • Insertion: Into lesser trochanter of femur
  • Action: Work together to flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh laterally and flex trunk on the hip as in sitting up from the supine position
• Iliacus


  • Origin: Iliac fossa and sacrum
  • Insertion: Less trochanter of femur
  • Action: Work together to flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh laterally and flex trunk on the hip as in sitting up from the supine position
• Rectus sheath


  Tendinous intersections are fused with the anterior wall of the rectus sheath. Formed by the aponeuroses of the transverse abdominal and the internal and external oblique muscles. It protects the muscles and vessels, and encases the muscles for maximal compression and support to abdominal viscera
• Thoracolumbar fascia


  A tough membrane composed of three layers that cover deep muscles beneath the back, covering the thoracic spine. Crosses the entire low-back area and it connects the shoulder to the opposite hip. Connects with the posterior ligaments of the lumbar spine to assist in supporting the vertebral column when it flexes by developing fascial tension that helps control the abdominal wall
• Coccygeus


  • Insertion - ischial spine
  • Origin - lower sacrum and supper coccyx
  • Function - pulls coccyx anteriorly following defecation or childbirth; supports and maintains position of pelvic viscera; resists increase in intra-abdominal pressure during exhalation, coughing vomiting
• Pubococcygeus


  • Insertion - pubis and ischial spine
  • Origin - coccyx, urethra, anal canal, prineal body of the perineum and anococcygeal ligaments
  • Function - constricts anus, urethra and vagina supports and maintains position of pelvic viscera; resists increase in intra-abdominal pressure during exhalation, coughing vomiting
• Puborectalis


  • Insertion - posterior surface of the pubic body
  • Origin - decussates behind the anorectal junction as a thick muscular sling
  • Function - helps maintain fecal continence and assist in defecation
• Iliococcygeus


  • Insertion - ischial spine
  • Origin - coccyx
  • Function - constricts anus, urethra and vagina supports and maintains position of pelvic viscera; resists increase in intra-abdominal pressure during exhalation, coughing vomiting
• Trapezius


  • Origin - Occipital bone, liagmentum nuchae, spinous process of thoracic vertebrae
  • Insertion - Clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
  • Action - Elevate, retract, depress or rotate scapula/clavicle, extend the neck
• Rhomboideus major


  • Origin - Spines of T2-T5
  • Insertion - Vertebral border of scapula inferior to spine
  • Action - Elevates and adducts scapula and rotates it downward, stabilizes scapula
• Rhomboideus minor


  • Origin - Spines of C7-T1
  • Insertion - Vertebral border of scapula superior to spine
  • Action - Elevates and adducts scapula and rotates it downward, stabilizes scapula
• Levator scapulae


  • Origin - Transverse processes of C1-C4
  • Insertion - Superior vertebral border of scapula
  • Action - Elevates scapula and rotates it downward
• Pectoralis minor


  • Origin - Anterosuperior surfaces of ribs 3-5
  • Insertion - Coracoid process of scapula
  • Action - Depress and protract shoulder, downward rotation of scapula elevate ribs
• Serratus anterior


  • Origin - Anterosuperior margins of ribs 1-8 or 9
  • Insertion - Anterior surface of vertebral border of the scapula
  • Action - Protract shoulder, upward rotation of scapula
• Pectoralis major - sterncostal head


  • Origin - Body of sternum, costocartilages 2-6
  • Insertion - Greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
  • Actions - Flexion, adduction, medial rotation
• Latissimus dorsi


  • Origin - Spinoud processes of inferior thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae, ribs 8-12 and lumbodorsal fascia
  • Insertion - floor of intertubercular groove of humerus
  • Actions - extension, adduction, medial rotation at shoulder
• Deltoideus


  • Origin - Lateral clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
  • Insertion - Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
  • Action - Shoulder abduction, flexion & medial rotation, extension & lateral rotation
• Pectoralis major - clavicular


  • Origin - Costocartilages 2-6, inferomedial portion of clavicle
  • Insertion - Greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
  • Actions - Flexion, adduction, medial rotation
• Coracobrachialis


  • Origin - Coracoid process of scapula
  • Insertion - Middle of medial surface of shaft of humerus
  • Action - Flexes and adducts arm at shoulder joint
• Teres major


  • Origin - Inferior angle of scapula
  • Insertion - Medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
  • Action - Extension, medial rotation at shoulder
• Subscapularis


  • Origin - Subscapular fossa of scapula
  • Insertion - Lesser of tubercle of humerus
  • Action - Medially rotates arm at shoulder joint
• Supraspinatus


  • Origin - Supraspinous fossa of scapula
  • Insertion - Greater tubercle of humerus
  • Action - Assists deltoid muscle in abducting arm at shoulder joint
• Infraspinatus


  • Origin - Infraspinous fossa of scapula
  • Insertion Greater tubercle of humerus
  • Action - Laterally rotates arm at shoulder joint
• Teres minor


  • Origin - Inferior lateral border of scapula
  • Insertion - Greater tubercle of humerus
  • Action - Laterally rotates and extends arm at shoulder joint
• Biceps brachii - long head


  • Origin - supraglenoid tubercle
  • Insertion - radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis
  • Flexion shoulder and elbow plus supination of flexed forearm
• Biceps brachii - short heads


  • Origin - SH coracoid process,
  • Insertion - radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis
  • Flexion shoulder and elbow plus supination of flexed forearm
• Brachialis


  • Origin - anterior distal surface of humerus
  • Insertion - coronoid process of ulna
  • Flexion of elbow major flexor of the elbow
• Triceps brachii - long head


  • Origin - infraglenoid tubercle of scapula,
  • Insertion - olecranon process of ulna
  • Action: extension and adduction at shoulder
• Triceps brachii - lateral head


  • Origin - LaH - superior lateral margin of humerus,
  • Insertion - olecranon process of ulna
  • Extension of elbow
• Triceps brachii - medial heads

  • Origin - MH - posterior surface of humerus inferior to radial groove
  • Insertion - olecranon process of ulna
  • Extension of elbow
• Bicipital aponeurosis


  A broad aponeurosis of the biceps brachii which is located in the cubital fossa of the elbow and separates superficial from deep structures in much of the fossa