History Elizabethan England

• When did Elizabeth I ascend to the throne? 1558
• What neumonic is used to remember the domestic threats? FIRE
• What does FIRE stand for? Foreign threats Illegitimacy Religion Economy
• What foreign threats did Elizabeth face? Catholic countries such as Spain, France and Scotland opposed Elizabeth I
• Why was the Hasburg empire so powerful? Controlled New World
• What was the Counter Reformation? Lead by Philip II Goal to make Protestant England into Catholic
• What was the Auld Alliace and how did it impact England? Alliance between France and Scotland They both surrounded England
• Why was Elizabeth I seen as illegitimate by Catholics? Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon (Mother of Mary I) but wanted divorce Pope did not ratify divorce But Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn (Mother of Elizabeth I) All of Henry's wives after Catherine were seen as disallowed by Catholics
• What religious threats did E1 face? Mary I was Catholic So, country was split into Catholic and Protestant Risk of sectarian war Majorly Catholic North (1/3) Risk of rebelling
• What economical problems did E1 face? Mary I left a £300,000 debt Owed £100,000 of that debt to loan sharks, Antwerp Exhchange at a compound interest of 14% (doubled every year) Not able to afford a standing army (army on call)
• What was the Religious Settlement, its purpose and when it was founded? Made in 1559 to bring Protestants and Catholics together Make E1 the most important religious figure Make country have common religious practices Act of Supremacy, Act of Uniformity, Royal Injunctions
• What was the Act of Supremacy? E1 was supreme leader of Church Clergy had to sign Oath of Allegiance (8000/10000 signed) or they're fired
• What was the Act of Uniformity? Every Church must use Book of Common Prayer Book of Common Prayer could be interpreted differently by both Catholics and Protestants All Churches had a Crucifix Everyone must attend weekly ceremony or they will be fined 12 shillings
• What were the Royal Injunctions? Fake miracles and pilgrimages banned Churches visited every 3-4 years Enforced Religious Settlement
• Why were Recusants unhappy? Don't see her as supreme governor
• Why were Puritans unhappy? Hated colourful vestments as it was a distraction from God Hated crucifix because it promoted blasphemy
• Who was Mary Queen of Scots? Queen of Scotland Distant relative of Henry VII Came to England in 1568
• Why did MQOS come to England and why was it a problem for E1? Accused of murdering husband, Lord Darnley Scotland wanted a Protestant monarch MQOS was seen as more legitimate than E1 Catholics wanted to rebel MQOS could gather foreign support E1 did not want to execute MQOS as she could be an example and it would happen to E1
• What were the 4 plots against E1? Revolt of the Northern Earls, 1569 Ridolfi Plot, 1571 Throckmorton Plot, 1583 Babington Plot, 1586
• Say everything you know about the Revolt of the Northern Earls 1569 Idea of Earl of Northumberland and Earl of Wetsmoreland MQOS would marry Duke of Norfolk and she would be queen E1 hearing this imprisoned Duke of Norfolk The 2 earls continrued and took over cathedral in northern city of Durham helped by RCs E1 did not have money but was helped by landowners and executed the 450 (as a warning for others wanting to revolt) with an army of 14000 Plot was unsuccesful as foreign support did not come Did not stop people from plotting
• What neumonic do we use to remember why the 4 plots happened? AFoRC
• What does AFoRC stand for and waht were the reasons for the different reasons? Alternative monarch- MQOS seen as more legitimate Foreign Support- Catholic countries wanted E1 out Recusant Catholic anger- Religious Settlement not accepted
• Say everything you know about the Ridolfi Plot of 1571. Pope issued Papal Bull in 1570 telling Catholics to revolt against E1. Ridolfi planned to: -Murder E1 -MQOS would marry Duke of Norfolk -MQOS would be Queen Spain was prepared to porvide 10000 soldiers for the revolt stationed in Netherlands under Spanish Duke of Alba Sir William Cecil uncovered plot and Duke of Norfolk was executed the following year.
• Say everything you know about the Throckmorton Plot of 1583. French Duke of Guise planned to invade England and overthrow E1 Philip II agreed to finance revolt and Pope agreed Throckmorton passed letters between plotters and MQOS Plan discovered by Francis Walsingham Throckmorton executed in 1584 after confessing of his involvement Plot showed a potential future threat if France and Spain joined forces against E1
• Say everything you know of the Babington Plot of 1586. Duke of Guise promised 60000 troops if Catholics revolted against E1 Pope and Philip II agreed and have E1 replaced with MQOS Babington wrote to MQOS about plots but Sir Francis Walsingham found letters Letters whoed MQOS was aware of plots and wanted them to succeed MQOS was put on trial, found guilty and received death penalty E1 hesitated to sign death warrant but gave up in 1587 E1 advisers went on to have massive arrests of Recusants
• What neumonic is used to remember E1's foreign threats? BEARD
• What does BEARD stand for? Beheading of MQOS Empire Aiding the Netherlands Religion Drake
• Why was the beheading of MQOS a likely cause for war with Spain? Beard France and Spain did not like Protestant religion Only supported religions though as a full scale war would be very expensive This is why Catholic leaders did not send soldiers as they realised the plan could fail However after MQOS execution, there was no alternative monarch left except Philip II This is 1 reason why the Armada was launched in 1588
• Why was the Spanish empire a danger to E1? bEard New World provided many resources for a powerful army Most effective way to reduce Spanish threat is to reduce their trades at New World, angering Philip II Used Armada to put England on trade embargo for New World so they don't access valuable raw materials However Spanish whips were robbed by English privateers Example: Francis Drake stole £40,000 of silver in 1572 and £400,000 from Spain between 1577 and 1580 This humiliation made Philip II thirsty for revenge
• What was happening in Netherlands? beArd Netherlands is part of the Spanish empire A lot of people converted to Protestantism Philip II could not accept it So Spain lead by Duke of Alba executed many Protestanrs during 1560s Spain ran out of money to pay troops in 1576 so the Spanish Fury happened in which many Dutch citizens were killed This resulted in the treaty called Pacification of Ghent where Spanish troops were to be expelled from Netherlands
• What did the situation in Netherlands have to do with E1 and why did it increase risk of war? beArd E1 had to help Dutch Protestants Couldn't help directly due to risk of war Helped indirectly through others Supported Dutch privateers Engaging in proxy war against Spain Agreeing for more direct support of Dutch Protestants
• How did E1 support Dutch Protestant privateers? beArd Called Sea Beggars They attacked Spanish ships off the Dutch coast Allowed them to dock in England for safety
• What was the Genoese Loan? beArd £300,000 Attacked by Sea Beggard in 1568 Forced onto England shores where E1 took the money
• What is a proxy war? Fighting someone through someone else
• Why did people fight for E1 and who did she tempt? beArd Tempted men with the proposal of marriage Tempted them with the chance of being King of England Tempted Duke of Alencon (heir to French throne) to fight Spain Tempted English noble Dudle in 1586 who lead an army of 7400 against Spain He made little progress but stopped Spain from taking Ostend
• What was the Treaty of Joinville of 1584? France and Spain are allies Fight all Protestantism in Europe
• What was the Treaty of Nonsuch of 1585? England will back Dutch Protestant rebels
• Who was Sir Francis Drake? Stole £400,000 from Spanish galleons in 1577-1580 Knighted in 1581 which angered Philip II Singed the King's beard in 1587
• What was the Singeing of the King's Beard? 1587 Drake set 30 ships on fire in Cadiz, Spanish port Deeply embarassed Philip II
• What neumonic is used to remember how England defeated the Spanish Armada? BaCk LeG