transformation rules for functions

• f(x)+d

  Add d to y coordinate
• f(x)-d

  Subtract d from y coordinate
• f(x+c)

  take away c from x coordinate
• f(x-c)


  Add c to x coordinate
• -f(x)

  Reflection over x axis, making y coordinate negative
• f(-x)

  reflection over y axis, making x coordinate negative