Human Bio-systems

• Process through the heart

  Deoxygenated Blood:

  superior/ inferior vena cava —> right atrium —> tricuspid valve —> right ventricle —> pulmonic semilunar valve —> pulmonary arteries —> lungs

  Oxygenated Blood

  pulmonary vein —> left atrium —> tricuspid valve —> left ventricle —> aortic semilunar valve —> aorta —> body
• Alveoli: the site of gas exchange in the lungs
• Capillaries: tiny blood vessels where oxygen diffuses into cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of cells
• Diaphragm: a sheet of muscle located below the lungs that contracts during breathing
• Bronchioles: small tubes that branch off from bronchi, leading to alveoli
• Pulmonary Circulation: The flow of deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, then back to the heart.
• Systemic Circulation: The flow of oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, then back to the heart.
• Intercostal muscles: muscles between the ribs that contract to raise the ribcage during inspiration
• Larynx (voice box): structure housing vocal cords, involved in speech production.
• Trachea (windpipe): tube connecting mouth or nose with larynx, carrying air to and from lungs.
• Respiratory system

  Nasal/oral opening —> nasal/oral cavity —> pharynx —> epiglottis —> larynx —> trachea —> bronchus —>bronchioles —> alvoli
• Components of blood

  Erythrocytes: Red blood cells

  Leucocytes: white blood cells

  Thrombocytes: platelets

  plasma
• % blood components

  Plasma: 55%

  Erythocytes: 40%

  Leucocytes: 1%

  Thrombocytes: 4%
• Key functions of the circulatory system

  • transport oxygen and nutrients to the cells
  • transport waste away from cells
  • transport chemical messengers (hormones) to cells
  • maintain pH, body temp and distribute heat
  • clotting when vessels are damaged
• Blood pressure: The pressure of the blood on the walls of the arteries.
• Factors effecting blood pressure

  • Blood volume ( more V=high pressure)
  • Viscosity (thickness) (high V= high pressure)
  • diameter of arteries (high D=low pressure)
  • Heart rate (high HR=high pressure)
• Blood Pressure

  Diastolic: pressure in arteries when heart rests between beats.

  Systolic: Max blood pressure during ventricle contraction.
• Blood clotting

  The formation of a structure that prevents blood loss and the entry of infecting micro-organisms.
• Requirements for blood clotting

  • Fibrin
  • clotting factors (found in plasma)
  • Thrombocytes
  • Leucocytes/Eurethrocytes
• Blood type A

  Antigens: A

  Antibodies: B
• Blood type B

  Antigens: B

  Antibodies: A
• Blood type AB

  Antigens: A & B

  Antibodies: none
• Blood type O

  Antigens: none

  Antibodies: A & B
• Rhesus protein

  • If present —> Blood type positive +
  • If not present—>blood type negative -
• Blood

  • Positive can receive BOTH positive and negative blood (no rhesus antibody)
  • Negative can ONLY receive negative blood (has rhesus antibody)
• Inhalation/inspiration: Taking air in through the nose or mouth.
• Exhalation/expiration: Pushing air out of the lungs.