COM101

• Language


  A systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having understood meanings
• Communication


  • From the Latin word "communicare" (to share with or to make common)
  • A common understanding of something
  • Systematic and continuous process (transactional process)
• Characteristics of communication


  • Process (continuous dynamics)
  • System (interrelated parts)
  • Symbolic (tangible representations/emoticons)
  • Meaning (different interpretations)
• Content Level meaning


  Literal
• Relationship Level meaning


  Express
• Types of communication


  • Verbal
  • Non-verbal
  • Visual (images)
• Contexts of communication


  • Intrapersonal (w/ oneself)
  • Interpersonal (w/ others)
  • Extended (electronic media)
  • Organizational
• Styles/Purposes of communication


  • Formal
  • Informal (spontaneous)
• Elements of communication


  • Context
  • Sender/encoder
  • Message (information)
  • Channel (tool)
  • Noise (barrier)
  • Receiver/decoder
  • Feedback
• Models of communication


  • Aristotle's Model (linear/simple)
  • Laswell's Model (w/ medium and effect; also linear)
  • Berlo's Model (w/ more information about each element; linear)
  • Shannon-Weaver's Model (there is feedback; interactive(?))
  • Schramm's Interactive Model (interpreter)
  • Wood's Model (transactional; experiences)
• Principles of communication


  • TRANSACTIONAL
  • INEVITABLE
  • IRREVERSIBLE
  • GOAL-ORIENTED
  • COMPLEX
• Globalization is the growth of economic, political and cultural assimilation and interconnectedness with different cultures
• Impact of globalization on communication

  • Standardization of communication
  • Increased connectivity (more opportunities)
  • Cultural exchange
  • New challenges
• Glocalization


  Process of embracing both universal and local values in a familiar context
• Varieties due to glocalization

  • Dynamic
  • Universal language
  • Not restricted to two (2)
• Intercultural competence


  • Ability to effectively communicate and interact with people from different cultures
  • Understanding and respecting cultural differences
• Elements of intercultural communication

  • Express understandable and culturally sensitive thoughts
  • Engage and immerse in the local culture of the language
  • Establish shared meanings with the local people to avoid stereotyping
  • Develop a language capacity such as local greetings
  • Empathize with the locals
• Ethnocentrism


  Belief that a person's culture is more dominant than the others
• Relativism


  There is no absolute truth, only the truths that a particular individual or culture happen to believe
• Characteristics of culture


  • Learned, not innate (through socialization)
  • Shared
  • Multifaceted (complex system of beliefs and practices)
  • Dynamic (evolving)
  • Identities are overlapping
• Cultural sensitivity


  Awareness, knowledge, and appreciation of different cultural practices
• Gender sensitivity


  To understand the societal and cultural factors involved in gender based exclusion and discrimination
• Language variety


  • Distinguishable variant of a language
  • Diverse ways in which a language is used
• Varieties of language


  • Pidgin
  • Creole
  • Regional language
  • Minority dialect
  • Indigenized varieties
• World Englishes


  Different forms and varieties of English used in various sociolinguistic contexts
• Philippine English


  English that is spoken in the Philippines, with a distinct accent and localized vocabulary
• Kachru's concentric circle


  • Inner circle (English speaking countries)
  • Outer circle (countries that have English as their 2nd language)
  • Expanding circle (countries that do not know the English language that well)
• Language varieties in the Philippines

  • Acrolectal (academics, bilinguals, English majors at university level)
  • Mesolectal (spoken by professionals, non-English majors, uses English in workplace)
  • Basilectal (differs from the standard language in pronunciation; develop into different languages)
• Language registers


  • A variety of language defined according to its use in social situations
  • Variety of specialized vocabulary and turns of phrases, colloquialisms and jargons
• Types of language registers

  • Frozen (static; use of historic language)
  • Consultative (formal and professional settings; complexity; respectful and polite)
  • Casual (informal or relaxed settings; more colloquial vocabulary)
  • Intimate (very close relationships; level of familiarity)
• Formal language register


  • Formal speaking and writing
  • Professional writing (e.g. business letters, proposals)
  • Factual, objective, more impersonal