The Musculo-Skeletal System + Analysis of Movement in Physical Activities

• Abduction


  The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
• Adduction


  The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body
• Agonist


  The muscle responsible for the movement which is occurring
• Antagonist


  The muscle working in opposition to the agonist to help produce a smooth movement
• Articulating bones


  Where two or more bones meet to allow movement at a joint
• Types of axes

  • Longitudinal axis (through the top of the head down and out the bottom of the feet)
  • Transverse axis (through the hips)
  • Sagittal axis (through the belly button)
• Dorsi flexion


  Decreasing the angle at the ankle joint
• Elbow


  Hinge joint, made up of the humerus, radius, and ulna
• Extension


  Increasing the angle at a joint
• Flexion


  Decreasing the angle at a joint
• Hip


  Ball and socket joint, made up of the pelvis and femur
• Horizontal abduction


  Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body while held parallel to the ground
• Horizontal adduction


  Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body while held parallel to the ground
• Hyperextension


  Increasing the angle at a joint beyond 180 degrees
• Isometric contraction


  The muscle contracts but no movement occurs
• Isotonic concentric


  A muscle contracts and shortens producing movement
• Isotonic eccentric


  A muscle lengthens under tension controlling the speed of a movement caused by gravity
• Knee

  A hinge joint, made up of the femur and tibia
• Types of planes

  • Sagittal plane – forwards and backwards / flexion and extension
  • Frontal plane – left or right / abduction and adduction
  • Transverse plane – rotation around the longitudinal axis
• Plantar flexion


  Increasing the angle at the ankle
• Shoulder

  A ball and socket joint made up of the scapula and humerus