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• Cosmetics


  Substance or preparation intended for placement in contact with only the external part of the human body
• L'Oréal Paris


  The biggest cosmetic industry
• Major categories of cosmetics

  • Skin Care
  • Makeup
  • Hair Care
  • Fragrance
  • Personal Care
• Ancient Egyptians used scented oils and ointments to clean and soften their skin, mask body odor, and protect their skin against the hot Egyptian sun and dry winds
• Ancient Egyptians used myrrh, thyme, marjoram, cedar, rose, aloe, olive oil, sesame oil, and almond oil as raw ingredients of most perfumes, used in religious rituals
• Ancient Egyptians used Galena Mesdemet (made of copper and lead ore) and Malachite (bright green paste of copper minerals) for their faces color and definition which will eventually darken their skin
• The Chinese stained their fingernails with gum arabic, gelatin, beeswax, and egg; Nail polish
• The colors were used to represent social class in China during the Chou dynasty: Royals - Gold and Silver, Middle Class - Black or Red, Lower Class - Forbidden to wear bright colors = brown or nothing
• Henna was used in India both as a hair dye and for Mehndi, an art form in which intricate designs were painted on the hands and feet using a paste made from the henna plant, especially before a Hindu wedding
• In Edwardian society, pressure increased on middle-aged women to appear youthful while acting as hostesses, and beauty salons rose in popularity: the hostesses entered through the back door
• Viscosity


  The resistance to flow, very vital in cosmetic product forms
• Cosmetic product forms depending on viscosity

  • Liquid
  • Gel
  • Foaming Gel
  • Serum
  • Lotion
  • Cream
  • Powder
  • Balm
  • Mud
  • Scrub
• Four main categories of cosmetic ingredients

  • Functional ingredients
  • Structural ingredients
  • Supportive ingredients
  • Added extra
• Cosmetic ingredients


  • Abrasives
  • Antioxidants
  • Chelating Agents
  • Colorants
  • Cosmetic Astringents
  • Emulsion Stabilizer
  • Exfoliants
  • Fragrance
  • Hair Conditioning Agents
  • Hair Fixative
  • Opacifying Agents
  • pH Adjusters
  • Preservatives
  • Skin conditioning Agents
  • Solvents
  • Sunscreen Agents
  • Surfactants
  • Viscosity Increasing Agents - Aqueous
  • Viscosity Increasing Agents - Non-aqueous
• Regular house cleaning can give lists of benefits for the whole family like killing microorganisms that may cause sickness to everyone in the house. It can also improve the quality of indoor air; maintain stress-free and healthy hygiene
• A soap-like material was found in a clay cylinder in ancient Babylon is evidence that soap making was known as early as 2800 B.C. Inscriptions in the cylinder say that fat wax boiled with ashes, which is a method of soap making
• An Egyptian medical document describes combining animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to form soap-like material used to treat skin diseases as well as for washing
• By the second century, a Greek physician, Galen, recommended soap for both medicinal and cleansing purposes
• Soap making was an established craft in Europe in the 7th century. Italy, Spain and France were the early centers for soap manufacturing due to their readily supply of raw materials
• Soap used to be luxury, manufactured soap began in the late 18th century in Europe and the US for hygiene and health
• In 1791, Nicholas Leblanc patented the process of making soda ash or sodium carbonate from common salt
• In mid 1800s, Ernest Solvay invented another soap technology, the ammonia process to make soda ash out of common table salt
• In 1916, Germany created the first synthetic detergent
• By the 1950s, detergents had overtaken traditional soap products in homes across America
• Saponification


  The process of heating plant oils and animal fats reacting them with a liquid alkali to produce soap plus water plus glycerine
• Detergent


  Derived from petrochemicals (derived from petroleum) and oleochemical (derived from fats and oils)
• How soap and detergent works

  Chemical energy provided by the soap and detergent, the hydrophilic end (water-loving) mixes with water
• Alkali


  Sodium or potassium hydroxide
• Chemical energy


  Provided by the soap and detergent. The hydrophilic end (water-loving) mixes up the water and the hydrophobic end (water-hating) removes the grease and oils of the soil
• Thermal energy


  Change in water temperature. Warm water or hot temperature helps to dissolve the grease and oil of the soil
• Mechanical energy


  Machine, hand rubbing, and other ways of agitation help pull the soil free
• Surface tension


  A property of water that is created as the water molecules at the surface are pulled into the body of water. This slows down the wetting of the surface and inhibits the cleaning process
• Surfactant


  Also called as surface-active agents, Chemicals change the properties of water by lowering the surface tension, and enables the cleaning solution to wet a surface more quickly so soil can easily be loosened or removed, and emulsifies the oily soils and keeps them dispersed and suspended
• Builders


  • Enhance the cleaning effectiveness of surfactants
  • Reduce water hardness (possible formation of scum or film)
  • Supply and maintain alkalinity
• How builders work


  1. Sequestration or chelation – holding hard materials in the solution

  2. Precipitation – forming an insoluble substance

  3. Ion exchange – trading electrically charged particles
• Dyes


  Organic compounds which are widely used for imparting color to textiles. They are produced either from natural or synthetic resources. Absorbed in the pores of fibers
• Pigments (paint)


  Build up on the surface of the material
• Dye molecules


  • Smaller than the size of the pores of the fibers
  • Planar shape with a little thickness assists to slip into the polymer system of the fiber
  • There is the affinity between the dye and the fiber due to the force of attraction
• Dyes


  • Absorb light in the visible spectrum (400-700 nm)
  • Have at least one chromophore (color-bearing group)
  • Have a conjugated system - a structure with alternating double single bonds
  • Exhibit resonance of electrons, the stabilizing force in organic compounds
• The chromophore must be a part of the conjugated system