Pioneers

• Most early views concluded that demonic possession or evil spirits were the cause of mental illness


  Early pioneers 1700s 1800s
• They were seen as deserving of their symptoms as a consequence of some reprehensible action or characteristic


  Early pioneers 1700s 1800s
• Long after his death, Tuke's family members continued to be involved in the York Retreat and the movement to improve the treatment of mentally ill individuals.


  William Tuke
• Patients received good food, frequent exercise, and friendly interactions with staff.


  William Tuke
• He raised funds to open the York Retreat, a residential treatment center where the mentally ill would always be cared for with kindness, dignity, and decency


  William Tuke
• He also introduced ideas of a case history, treatment notes, and illness classification, indicating care about their well-being.


  Philippe Pinel
• He regarded mental illness as the result of excessive exposure to social and psychological stresses and, in some measure, of heredity and physiological damage.


  Philippe Pinel
• worked successfully to move mentally ill individuals out of dungeons in Paris, France where they were held as inmates rather than treated as patients.


  Philippe Pinel
• ensured that patients at The Retreat were always treated in a humane and dignified way and his staff emphasized patients' strengths rather than weaknesses, and they allowed patients to have significant input in their own treatment decisions.


  Eli Todd
• In the 19th century, he promoted the ideology of experimental psychology.


  Eli Todd
• Physician at The Retreat in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1824.

  Eli Todd
• Teacher, Nurse, Social Reformer, and advocate for the Mentally ill


  Dorothea Dix
• Her efforts resulted in the establishment of more than 30 state institutions for the mentally ill throughout the United States (and even more in Europe and Asia), providing more decent, compassionate treatment for the mentally ill than they might have otherwise received.


  Dorothea Dix
• coined the term "clinical psychology"

  Lightner Witmer
• majority of his clinical work involved the assessment and treatment of learning and behavioral problems of children in a clinic setting.


  Lightner Witmer
• founded the first psychological clinic at U. of Pennsylvania


  Lightner Witmer
• The primary focus of his work when he founded the first psychological clinic was to apply psychology into real-life problems


  Lightner Witmer
• Pioneer of diagnosis, coined some of the earliest terms to categorize mental illness.

  Emil Kraepelin
• His work set the stage for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)


  Emil Kraepelin