durham cathedral

• What features characterize Norman Romanesque architecture?

  Huge proportions, thick walls, rounded arches
• What does the scale and grandeur of Durham Cathedral symbolize?

  Dominance and permanence of Norman rule
• To which structure was Durham Cathedral's proportions compared?

  St Peter’s Basilica in Rome
• What innovative technique was used in the construction of Durham Cathedral?

  The ribbed vault
• How did the ribbed vault contribute to the cathedral's structure?

  It allowed for a more impressive and stable structure
• What geographical feature did the Normans utilize when building Durham Cathedral?

  High ground overlooking the River Wear
• What does the site of Durham Cathedral indicate about continuity with Anglo-Saxon England?

  It was previously home to a Saxon church
• How did the Normans blend old and new architectural styles in Durham Cathedral?

  By retaining elements of earlier English church designs
• What elements of Anglo-Saxon design were retained in Durham Cathedral?

  Layout of the basilica with nave, transepts, quire
• How did the integration of Anglo-Saxon techniques affect the cathedral's design?

  It helped bridge cultural and religious divides
• What decorative elements are found in Durham Cathedral?

  Norman geometric patterns and Anglo-Saxon motifs
• What was the significance of the cathedral's dedication to Saint Cuthbert?

  It aimed to win local support and loyalty
• How did the construction of Durham Cathedral serve a political purpose?

  It asserted Norman dominance over conquered land
• Who was the first prince-bishop of Durham Cathedral?

  William of Saint Calais
• What dual role did the prince-bishop serve?

  Religious leader and secular lord
• What broader governing structure did William I introduce in England?

  Replaced Anglo-Saxon aristocracy with Normans
• How many Norman tenants-in-chief did William I introduce?

  200 Norman tenants-in-chief
• What was the purpose of the castle-building programme across England?

  To maintain military control over territories
• How many motte-and-bailey castles did the Normans build?

  Over 800 motte-and-bailey castles
• What did the establishment of Durham Cathedral symbolize in terms of religious authority?

  Restructuring of the English Church hierarchy
• How did the Normans reform the English Church hierarchy?

  Replaced many Anglo-Saxon bishops with Normans
• Who was Archbishop Lanfranc?

  A reformer of the English Church
• What was the significance of St Cuthbert's relics in Durham Cathedral?

  They legitimized Norman rule through continuity
• How did the Normans profit from the pilgrimage to Durham Cathedral?

  Economically from the influx of pilgrims
• What religious values did Durham Cathedral reflect?

  Norman religious values and papal reforms
• What reforms did the Normans implement in the English Church?

  Eradicated simony and enforced clerical celibacy
• What did the establishment of a Benedictine monastery at Durham exemplify?

  Commitment to religious reform
• What did the monks of Durham adhere to?

  The Rule of St. Benedict
• How did the construction of Durham Cathedral impact the local economy?

  Stimulated local economy through resources and trade
• What role did the Benedictine monks of Durham play in the region?

  Promoted education, scholarship, and the arts
• What became important centres for manuscript production in Durham?

  The cathedral's library and scriptorium
• What broader cultural movement did the cathedral contribute to in the 12th century?

  The European cultural renaissance