ethnicity and identity

• family

  modood - many immigrants have a strong sense of heritage - diaspora

  family reinforces/maintains this through food, clothes and customs which creates social solidarity
• peers

  modood - younger generation are more westernised

  johal - british and aisan = braisan ID - dual identity
• education

  • indian and chineese students outperform
  • archer - stereotyped as hard working not talented
  • despite achieving, they don't fit in with the ideal pupil
  • Pakistanis that in underachieve revert to a muslim ID and use religion as resistance to culture
• religion

  • jacobson - pakistani boys revert to a muslim ID and they get mroe support from family by doing this
  • mirza - girls wear the hijab to give a sense of ID and belonging and as a defence from racism
• evaluation

  fanon - white mask at school but not at home

  disapora still present, not totally westernised

  younger people have hybrid ID
• black ID

  reynolds - caribbean families foster cultural belonging

  gunter - peer groups shape ID - e.g roadman sub-cultures

  gilroy - ID is created from shared experiences, not fixed institutional racism

  hall - media constructs ID