A&P

• The skull is made up of several bones, including the frontal bone (forehead), parietal bones (top of head), temporal bones (temples), occipital bone (back of head), sphenoid bone (behind nose), ethmoid bone (between eyes), maxillae (upper jaw), mandible (lower jaw).
• Anatomical position


  Spatial relationships between structures e.g., the shoulder to the hand
• The human skeleton is an endoskeleton
• The human skeleton is composed of bone, cartilage and ligaments forming a strong flexible framework
• The structure of the skeleton reflects its functions
• Tissue types in the human body

  • Osseous (bone)
  • Cartilage
  • Ligaments
  • Other connective tissues
• Compact bone


  • Dense, solid bone tissue
  • Generally located in the shafts of long bones
• Spongy bone


  • Porous, less dense bone tissue
  • Generally located at the ends of long bones
• A bone is considered an organ
• Ossification processes for bone development

  • Endochondral
  • Intramembranous
• Endochondral ossification


  Creates long bones
• Intramembranous ossification


  Creates cranial bones
• Epiphyseal plates close approximately when bone growth is complete
• Achondroplastic dwarfism and Marfan's syndrome


  Affect cartilage proliferation and regulation of long bone growth
• Hormones involved in long bone growth

  • Growth hormone
  • Sex hormones
• Bone marking categories


  • Projections for tendon/ligament attachment
  • Projections for joints
  • Depressions/openings for nerves/blood vessels
• Osteocytes respond to stress


  Release biochemical signals that affect osteoclasts and osteoblasts
• Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclast activity


  Increases blood calcium levels
• Rickets


  Bone mineralizing disorder
• Osteomalacia


  Bone mineralizing disorder
• Rickets and Osteomalacia are different bone mineralizing disorders
• Four types of tissue

  epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
• Three types of body planes

  Midsagittal, frontal, transverse
• Superior


  Above
• Inferior


  below
• Anterior


  front
• Posterior


  back
• Ventral


  belly side
• Dorsal


  back
• Medial


  toward the midline
• Lateral


  away from the midline
• Proximal


  Closer to the point of attachment
• Distal


  away from the point of attachment
• superficial


  near the surface
• deep


  away from the surface
• What does the dorsal body cavity include?

  cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
• What does the vertebral body cavity include?

  Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
• abdominopelvic cavity


  abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
• What type of tissue is the skeleton?

  connective tissue
• What is the function of the skeleton?

  support, protection, movement, mineral (Ca and PO4) and fat storage (in yellow bone marrow)