pathways

• How to convert nitrile to amine:

  H2(g)

  Ni catalyst
• what is the process called when converted to an alkene?

  elimination
• how to go from an alkene to an alcohol?

  1. Electrophilic addition - Br2
  2. Nucleophilic substitution - KOH
• how to go from alkane to haloalkane?

  Free radical subsitution
• How to form an alkene?

  Dehydration of alcohols
• what is the mechanisms for the dehydration of alcohols called?

  Acid-base elimination
• Give the reagents and conditions required for the nucleophilic substitution of an alkene to an alkanenitrile?

  KCN

  H2SO4 (ethanolic solvent)
• what is the mechanism called when adding to an alkene?

  Electrophilic addition
• What is the mechanism called when splitting an ester?

  Hydrolysis
• what is the mechanism called between the reaction of an alcohol and an acid halide?

  Addition-elimination reaction
• How do you turn an alcohol into an alkene?

  Mechanism: elimination or dehydration

  Reagent: Concentrated sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid
• Why in industry are reactions aimed to have a?

  high atom economy: less waste or pollution

  Fewer steps: Less energy used
• Why are halogenoalkanes susceptible to attacks from nucleophiles?

  C-X bond is polar due to the difference in electronegativity and carbon becoming slightly positive

  Which then the lone pair on the nucleophile is donated to the partially positive carbon and causes the C-X bond to break
• Aldehyde and ketone -> hydroxynitrile

  KCN

  dilute H2SO4
• Nucleophiles:

  :CN-

  :OH-

  :NH3
• How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an acyl chloride?

  Add sulfurous dichloride -> acyl chloride + sulfur dioxide + HCl
• To make an ester you need? + conditions

  A carboxylic acid

  An alcohol

  catalyst: H2SO4

  Condition: Heat
• what do you produce in the hydrolysis of esters in acidic and basic conditions and mention which one is reversible

  Acidic:(reversible)

  ester + H2O -> carboxylic acid + alcohol

  basic:(non-reversible)

  ester + base -> carboxylatae salt + alcohol
• Elimination reaction for alcohols conditions required?

  Concentrated acid catalyst

  heat
• elimination of alcohols

  
• Acyl chloride plus primary amine produces?

  secondary amide which increases the number of carbons present
• General mechanism for addition elimination of acyl chlorides

  
• acid anhydrides are formed via

  a condensation reaction between 2 carboxylic acids producing a molecule of water