STS 1-2

• SOCIETY

  WORD ORIGIN: The term society emerged in the fifteenth century and is derived from the French société. The French word, in turn, had its origin in the Latin societas, "a friendly association with others," from socius meaning "companion, associate, comrade or business partner.“
• SOCIETY

  DEFINITION: In simple sense, society is a large grouping that shares the simple geographical territory, shares a common culture and social structure, and expected to abide by some laws.

  A complex web of social relationships, norms, institutions, and structures that shape human behavior and interaction.
• DEFINITIONS OF SOCIETY

  • A complex of groups in reciprocal relationships
  • Interacting upon one another
  • Enabling people to carry on their life activities
  • Helping each person to fulfill his/her wishes
  • Accomplish his/her interest in association with his/her fellows
• COMPONENTS OF SOCIETY

  CULTURAL NORMS

  • Shared beliefs, values, and practices that guide behavior and shape social interactions.
• COMPONENTS OF SOCIETY

  SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

  • Established patterns of behavior organized around particular purposes, such as family, education, religion, economy, and government.
• COMPONENTS OF SOCIETY

  SOCIAL HIERARCHIES

  • Systems of ranking individuals or groups within society based on factors like wealth, power, and social status.
• COMPONENTS OF SOCIETY

  Examples of Social Hierarchies

  • Feudal System- Kings, Nobles, Knights, Clergy, Peasants
  • Caste System- Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and landowners), Shudras (laborers and service providers, Dalits (untouchables)
  • Corporate Hierarchy
  • Academic Hierarchy
  • Political Hierarchy
• SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

  STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM

  • Emphasizes the interdependence of social institutions and their roles in maintaining social order and stability.
• SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

  CONFLICT THEORY

  • Focuses on power struggles and inequality within society, highlighting how dominant groups maintain control over resources and perpetuate social hierarchies.
• SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

  SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

  •  Examines how individuals construct meaning through social interactions, emphasizing the role of symbols and language in shaping social reality.
• NATURE OF SOCIETY

  Society consists of people - without people there can be no society, no social relationships and no social life at all.
• NATURE OF SOCIETY

  Mutual awareness and mutual interaction

  • Society is a group of people in continuous interactions with each other.
  • A social interaction is made possible because of mutual awareness.
  • Society is understood as a network of social relations. Thus, social relationship implies mutual awareness.
• NATURE OF SOCIETY

  Cooperation and division of labor

  • division of labor involves the assignment to each unit or group of specific share of common tasks.
• NATURE OF SOCIETY

  Society is dynamic - no society can even remain constant for any length of time.
• NATURE OF SOCIETY

  Social control - Absolute freedom makes man`s life like other animal beings. So society has its own ways of controlling the behavior of its members. (e.g informal,-customs, folkways, manners, traditions, formal- laws, constitution, ordinances, resolutions)
• CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY

  • Composed of people 
  • Mutual awareness, continuous reciprocal interaction and inter relationship among members
  • Likeness and differences (e.g. similarities in needs, activities, ideals, values) or (e.g differences like looks, personality, talents, attitudes, etc.)
  • Members have cooperation and share common interest
  • Desires are satisfied and interests fulfilled with joined efforts promoting solidarity and social cohesion
  • Responsibilities held by means of division of labor and delegation of authority
  • Members shows a pattern of interdependence necessary to most social needs
• CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY

  INTERDEPENDENCE OS SEEN AMONG GROUPS, COMMUNITIES, SOCIETIES AND EVEN NATIONS. 

  • Society is dynamic… changes takes place abruptly or gradually
  • Society has its own way of social control (formal or informal)
  • Each society has its distinct culture… its expression of human behavior, attitudes, judgments, morals, etc.
• TYPES OF SOCIETY

  PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

  • Pre-industrial societies, also known as traditional or pre-modern societies, are human societies that existed before the advent of industrialization. 
  • Food Production- through human and animal labor- is the main economic activity
  • Divided between their levels of technology and methods for food gathering
  • Subdivisions: hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural and agricultural
• TYPES OF SOCIETY

  HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY

  • Daily collection of plants and hunting of wild animals
  • Move around in search for food
  • Do not build permanent settlements
  • Need for mobility limits the size of population- fewer than 60 people
  • Statuses within group are relatively equal
  • Decisions reached through general agreement
  • Family forms of the social unit- requires the family to carry out most social functions- production and labor
• TYPES OF SOCIETY

  PASTORAL SOCIETY

  • Rely on domesticated animals to meet food needs
  • Nomadic life- herds from pasture to pasture
  • Can support larger populations
  • Divisions of labor- how work is divided- is much more complex 
  • Production of goods encourage trade
  • Hereditary chieftainship- typical form of government
• TYPES OF SOCIETY

  HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

  • Fruits and vegetables grown on garden plots
  • Technology and complexity similar to pastoral societies
  • Rotating plots they can occupy an area over a long period of time
  • Semi permanent or permanent settlements (30 -2000 people)
  • More complex division of labor
  • Inequalities in wealth and power
  • Hereditary chieftains
  • Economic and political systems are more developed- more settled way of life. 
• TYPES OF SOCIETY

  AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

  • Animals used to plow fields
  • Technological innovation allow for planting of crops than possible when human labor is used
  • Irrigation
  • Terracing: cutting of fields into sides of hills
  • Support large populations
  • Specialized roles:
  • Power often falls into one or few individuals
  • Hereditary monarchy
  • Abandon barter system- exchange of goods and service
  • Develop system of writing; keep records
  • Sharp status difference first arise: landowners or peasants
  • Landowners: power and wealth
  • Peasants: do all the work
• TYPES OF SOCIETY

  INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

  • Emphasis shifts from food production to the production of manufactured goods. 
  • Made possible by changes in production methods
  • Preindustrial: animal human labor; small and slow
  • Industrial: machines; a lot and fast
  • Increase the amount of food produced, increases population size
  • Reduces the demand for agricultural laborers
  • Size of the workforce increases as new technologies make it possible to produce a wide variety of goods
• TYPES OF SOCIETY

  INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

  • Changes the role of various social institutions
  • Preindustrial: family is primary; production and education is family responsibility
  • Industrial: production and education takes place outside of the home; need for mass literacy  creates need for programs of mass education system
  • Religion: scientific ideas challenge religious beliefs
  • Brings people more freedom to compete for social positions
  • Preindustrial: ascribed statuses
  • Industrial: achieved; more control over their social position in the social structure
• TYPES OF SOCIETY

  POST INDUSTRIAL SOCITIES

  • Economy is involved in providing of information, goods and services
  • United States and Western Europe
  • 73% of the workforce in the US, 2% agricultural and 25% in the production of goods
  • Social Changes
  • Standard of living and quality of life improve as wages increase
  • Place strong emphasis on science and education
  • Technological advances are key to future prosperity
  • Rights of individuals and search for personal self fulfillment take added importance
  • Strong emphasis on social equality and democracy
• TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

  INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

  • information technology is a broad field that encompasses the use of computers, software , networks, and other technologies to store, process, transmit and retrieve information
• TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

  COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

  • refers to the tools, systems and methods used to transmit information from one point to another
  • encompasses various forms such as telephones, emails, social media, video conferencing and instant messaging. By enabling fast and efficient communication technology has revolutionized how people connect, collaborate and share information globally
• TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

  BIOTECHNOLOGY

  • is a field that merges biology with technology to develop products and technologies aimed at improving human lives and the environment
  • use of biology to develop new products, methods and organisms intended to improve human health and society
• TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

  AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY

  • often referred to as agri-tech or agtech, encompasses a wide range of innovations and tools aimed at improving agricultural productivity, efficiency, and sustainability
  • that includes vehicles, robotics, computers, satellites, drones, mobile devices and software
• TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

  MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

  • refers to the use of advance tools, equipment and technique in the field of healthcare to diagnose, treat and manage medical conditions.
• TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

  ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

  • often referred to as green or clean technology, involves the development and application of innovative solutions to address environmental challenges and promote sustainability
  • Environmental technologies is also used to describe a class of electronic devices that can promote sustainable management of resources
• TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

  PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

  • encompasses a wide range of processes, techniques and tools used in manufacturing goods and services
  • is the manufacturing of physical goods on an assembly line and the construction of structures on a job site
• TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

  PRODUCTION TECCHNOLOGY

  • Manufacturing - changes natural or synthetic materials into usable products like clothing, vehicle and food
  • Construction Technology - build structures that supports load and protect us from the environment like houses, bridges and roads
• TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

  MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY

  • also known as material science and engineering, is a multi disciplinary field that focuses on the study of materials and their properties, application and processing techniques
  • is a relatively comprehensive discipline that begins with the production of goods from raw materials to processing of materials into the shapes and forms needed for specific applications
• TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

  TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY

  • encompasses various innovations and advancements aimed at improving the movement of people and goods from one place to another
  • innovation in transportation technology are essentially born out of three necessities: efficiency, ease and safety.
• TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

  ENERGY AND POWER TECHNOLOGY

  • Energy is the capacity to do work
  • Power refers to the rate at which energy is transferred or converted from one form to another, or the rate at which work is done
• TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

  NANOTECHNOLOGY

  • is a field of science and engineering that deals with the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale, typically ranging from 1-100 nanometers
  • A nanometer is one billionth of a meter
  • Involves the design, characterization, production and application structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and sizes at the nanoscale