Fishman

• Date

  1983
• Model

  Agrees with dominance model
• Data

  Mixed sex conversation between young American couples
• Methodology

  searched through 52 hours of recorded conversations paying attention to women’s language features
• Conclusions

  Women used 4x more tag questions
• Conclusions

  Women ask more questions
• Conclusions

  Features of women’s language encourage conversational flow
• Conclusions

  Women do the “conversational shitwork”
• Conclusions

  Women used more back channelling
• Criticisms

  only between young american couples, variables such as age and nationality may skew data